?????? ????????

?????? ????????
	????. Gustavo Robert Kirchhoff
???. ??????	12 ????? , 1824
???. ??????	???????????
????. ??????	17 ????????? , 1887 (63 ????)
????. ??????	??????? , ????????
??????????????	?????? ????? ????? ????????
???????????	??????? ??????
??????????	???????? , ???????? , ???????? ?? ????????????
???????? ??????	?????????? ???????????? , ????????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ????????????
????-??????	???????????? ????????????
????????? ???????????	?????? ?????? , ????? ???????????? , ?????? ???????? , ????? ??????? , ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????
??????	Clara Richelot ?? Luise Brommel
????????	?????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? , ?????????? ?????? , ????????? ?????? , ???????? ?????? , ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????? , ???????? ?????? , ????? ?????? , ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????
	?????? ???????? ????????????

?????? ?????? ???????? ( ????. Gustav Robert Kirchhoff; ?. 12 ????? , 1824 ? ?. 17 ????????? , 1887 ) ? ????????? ???????? , ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????, ????????? ????????? ???????? , ?????????????? , ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????.

??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? 1862 ????. ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ??????????????????. ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????????. ??????????????? ??????? ??????-????????? ?????, ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????????.

?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? , ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? 1847 ????. ??????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? .

?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

Кирхгоф, Густав Роберт // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона: В 86 томах (82 т. и 4 доп.). ? СПб., 1890?1907.
Профиль Кирхгоф Густав Роберт на официальном сайте РАН
Храмов Ю. А. Кирхгоф Густав Роберт (Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert) // Физики: Биографический справочник / Под ред. А. И. Ахиезера. ? Изд. 2-е, испр. и дополн. ? М.: Наука, 1983. ? С. 133. ? 400 с. ? 200 000 экз. (в пер.)

?????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Record #118723146 // ????????????? ?????????? ????? ? 2012?2016.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q27302 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q36578 "></a>
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Bibliotheque nationale de France BnF authorities : ????????? ??? ?????????? ? 2011.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q19938912 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q54837 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q193563 "></a>
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 А. Гершун Кирхгоф, Густав Роберт // Энциклопедический словарь ? СПб : Брокгауз ? Ефрон , 1895. ? Т. XV. ? С. 147.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q23892924 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q602358 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q24440726 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q19908137 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q4137643 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q656 "></a>
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 MacTutor History of Mathematics archive ? 1994.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q547473 "></a>
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 SNAC ? 2010.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q29861311 "></a>
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 KNAW Past Members
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q21491701 "></a>
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ?????????? ????????????
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q237227 "></a>
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Gran Enciclopedia Catalana ? Grup Enciclopedia , 1968.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q18696256 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q2664168 "></a>
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Proleksis enciklopedija , Op?a i nacionalna enciklopedija ? 2009.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q3407324 "></a>
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 www.accademiadellescienze.it
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↑ http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/cgi-bin/egab/eg.pl?fieldname=grab&search=messel&Search=Start
↑ MacTutor History of Mathematics archive ? 1994.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q547473 "></a>
↑ Ковалевская, Софья Васильевна // Русский биографический словарь ? СПб : 1903. ? Т. 9. ? С. 20?21.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1960551 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q656 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q21175480 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q25866178 "></a>
↑ https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/rumford-medal/
↑ NNDB ? 2002.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1373513 "></a>
↑ Award winners : Davy Medal
↑ List of Royal Society Fellows 1660-2007 ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? . ? ??. 204.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q111806251 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q123885 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q36524_citetype_Q17152639_citetype_Q1172284"_data-entity-id="Q36578"><i_class="wef_low_priority_links">[[:გერმანიის_ეროვნული_ბიბლიოთეკა|Deutsche_Nationalbibliothek]]</i>_[http://d-nb.info/gnd/118723146/_Record_#118723146]_//_ინტეგრირებული_ნორმატიული_ფაილი<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_2012—2016.</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q27302"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q36578"></a></div>-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Record #118723146 // ????????????? ?????????? ????? ? 2012?2016.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q27302 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q36578 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q36524_citetype_Q7094076_citetype_Q27031827_citetype_Q595971"_data-entity-id="Q19938912"><i_class="wef_low_priority_links">[[:საფრანგეთის_ეროვნული_ბიბლიოთეკა|Bibliothèque_nationale_de_France]]</i>_[http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12554746j_BnF_authorities]:_პლატფორმა_ღია_მონაცემები<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_2011.</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q19938912"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q54837"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q193563"></a></div>-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Bibliotheque nationale de France BnF authorities : ????????? ??? ?????????? ? 2011.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q19938912 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q54837 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q193563 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q13433827"_data-entity-id="Q24440726"><i_class="wef_low_priority_links">[[:ru:Гершун,_Александр_Львович|А._Гершун]]</i>_[[:ru:s:ЭСБЕ/Кирхгоф,_Густав_Роберт|Кирхгоф,_Густав_Роберт]]_//_''[[:d:Q23892924|Энциклопедический_словарь]]''<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_[[:სანქტ-პეტერბურგი|СПб]]:_[[:ru:Брокгауз_—_Ефрон_(издательство)|Брокгауз_—_Ефрон]],_1895._—_Т.&nbsp;XV._—_С.&nbsp;147.</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q23892924"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q602358"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q24440726"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q19908137"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q4137643"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q656"></a></div>-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 А. Гершун Кирхгоф, Густав Роберт // Энциклопедический словарь ? СПб : Брокгауз ? Ефрон , 1895. ? Т. XV. ? С. 147.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q23892924 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q602358 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q24440726 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q19908137 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q4137643 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q656 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q35127"_data-entity-id="Q547473">MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_1994.</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q547473"></a></div>-4] 4.0 ^4.1 MacTutor History of Mathematics archive ? 1994.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q547473 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q8513_citetype_Q35127_citetype_Q36524_citetype_Q194166"_data-entity-id="Q29861311">SNAC<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_2010.</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q29861311"></a></div>-5] 5.0 ^5.1 SNAC ? 2010.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q29861311 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q7094076"_data-entity-id="Q21491701">KNAW_Past_Members<span_class="wef_low_priority_links"></span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q21491701"></a></div>-6] 6.0 ^6.1 KNAW Past Members
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q21491701 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q13136"_data-entity-id="Q237227">[[:de:s:Brockhaus_Enzyklopädie|ბროკჰაუზის_ენციკლოპედია]]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links"></span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q237227"></a></div>-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ?????????? ????????????
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q237227 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q47461344"_data-entity-id="Q2664168">[http://www.enciclopedia.cat/enciclop%C3%A8dies/gran-enciclop%C3%A8dia-catalana/EC-GEC-0035710.xml_Gran_Enciclopèdia_Catalana]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_[[:ca:Grup_Enciclopèdia|Grup_Enciclopèdia]],_1968.</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q18696256"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q2664168"></a></div>-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Gran Enciclopedia Catalana ? Grup Enciclopedia , 1968.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q18696256 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q2664168 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q615699"_data-entity-id="Q3407324">[[:hr:Opća_i_nacionalna_enciklopedija|Proleksis_enciklopedija]],_[[:hr:Opća_i_nacionalna_enciklopedija|Opća_i_nacionalna_enciklopedija]]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_2009.</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q3407324"></a></div>-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Proleksis enciklopedija , Op?a i nacionalna enciklopedija ? 2009.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q3407324 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q35127"_data-entity-id="Q107212659">www.accademiadellescienze.it<span_class="wef_low_priority_links"></span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q107212659"></a></div>-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 www.accademiadellescienze.it
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q107212659 "></a>

[[http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/cgi-bin/egab/eg.pl?fieldname=grab&search=messel&Search=Start_http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/cgi-bin/egab/eg.pl?fieldname=grab&search=messel&Search=Start]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links"></span><div_style="display:none"></div>-11] ttp://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/cgi-bin/egab/eg.pl?fieldname=grab&search=messel&Search=Start

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q35127"_data-entity-id="Q547473">[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Kirchhoff.html_MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_1994.</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q547473"></a></div>-12] MacTutor History of Mathematics archive ? 1994.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q547473 "></a>

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q13433827"_data-entity-id="Q25866178">[[:ru:s:РБС/ВТ/Ковалевская,_Софья_Васильевна|Ковалевская,_Софья_Васильевна]]_//_''[[:d:Q21175480|Русский_биографический_словарь]]''<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_[[:სანქტ-პეტერბურგი|СПб]]:_1903._—_Т.&nbsp;9._—_С.&nbsp;20–21.</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1960551"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q656"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q21175480"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q25866178"></a></div>-13] Ковалевская, Софья Васильевна // Русский биографический словарь ? СПб : 1903. ? Т. 9. ? С. 20?21.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1960551 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q656 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q21175480 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q25866178 "></a>

[[https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/rumford-medal/_https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/rumford-medal/]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links"></span><div_style="display:none"></div>-14] ttps://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/rumford-medal/

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q7094076_citetype_Q35127_citetype_Q36524_citetype_Q43229"_data-entity-id="Q1373513">[http://www.nndb.com/people/530/000097239/_NNDB]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_2002.</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1373513"></a></div>-15] NNDB ? 2002.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1373513 "></a>

[[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1dsunM9ukGLgaW3HdG9cvJ_QKd7pWjGI0qi_fCb1ROD4/pubhtml?gid=1021770356&single=true_Award_winners_:_Davy_Medal]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links"></span><div_style="display:none"></div>-16] Award winners : Davy Medal

[<span_class="wikidata_cite_citetype_Q12139612_citetype_Q49848"_data-entity-id="Q111806251">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120114063626/http://royalsociety.org/uploadedFiles/Royal_Society_Content/about-us/fellowship/Fellows1660-2007.pdf_List_of_Royal_Society_Fellows_1660-2007]<span_class="wef_low_priority_links">_—_[[:ლონდონის_სამეფო_საზოგადოება|ლონდონის_სამეფო_საზოგადოება]]._—_გვ.&nbsp;204.</span></span><div_style="display:none"><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q111806251"></a><a_href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q123885"></a></div>-17] List of Royal Society Fellows 1660-2007 ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? . ? ??. 204.
<a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q111806251 "></a><a href=" https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q123885 "></a>

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