????????? ??????????

?????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????????????

а????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????? XVII ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????, ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????, ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? . ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????, ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???????. [1] ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????????, ????????? ???? ????? , ????? ??, ?????? ????????? , ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????. XXI ???????? ?????????? ??? ? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ???????? ???? ?????????.

???????????? ????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? 1607 -??? 1765 ?????? ?????????. ?? ???? ????????????, ?????????? ?????????, ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????, ??? ???, ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ????????????. ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????????: ??????? "Bay Psalm Book" (1640). ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????: (??? ??????????? "The tenth muse, lately sprung up in America" , ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ?. ?????, ?. ????????, ?????? ???? ???????, ??????????? ????????? "Lovewells' fight","The song of Bradoec men" ?? ????). [2]

??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????. ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? , ??????, ????? ???????? , ??????, ??????? ???????? . ??-18 ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????. ???????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?. ???????? - ??????" Some considerations on the Keeping of negroes" ( 1754 ) ?? ??? ???????? - ?????? "A caution to Great Britain and her colonies relative to enslaved negroes" ( 1767 ). ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? , ???? ???????????? - Father Abraham's Sermon ?? Poor Richard's Almanack .

?????????? ???? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????, 1760-??? 1790 ??????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????. ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????: ?????? ?????? , ?????? ????? , ????? ????????? , ??? ?????? ?????? , ?. ????????, ?????????? ????????? , ?. ?????, ????? ????? . ????????????: ????? ????????? - ???????????? ???????????, ??????? ????????, ?? ?????? ????? ???????, ?????????? ????????. ????????? ?? ???????????: ?????? ???????? , ?????? ?????, ?. ??????.

XIX ??????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? -19 ????????. ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????. ????????? ???????? Sketch-book (1820) ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????, ???????? ??????????? ???????????, ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???. ?? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? - ???? ????????????, ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????????, ????????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????. [3]

????? ???????? ( 1752 - 1832 ) ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????, ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ???? (Thomas Dunn English, 1819?1902), ??? ???? ?????? (Fitz-Greene Halleck, 1790?1867), ??? ????????? (John Pierpont, 1785?1866), ???????? ?????? (1806?1867) ????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? (1794 - 1878), ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????. ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ( 1807 - 1882 ), ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????, ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????????????? ??????? .

???? ????? ???????? (1802 - 1882) ??? ??????????-????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????. ??? ??????? ??????(1807 - 1892), ??????? , ?????? ???????, ???????????? ??????????, ???????? ??????????; ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????????? ???????? . ????? ????? ?????? (1819 - 1891), ?????? ??????? Biglow Papers , ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????? (1809 - 1894) - ????????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??????? (1842 - 1881) ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????, ????????????? ??? ???????? ??????, ?????????? , ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????.

??????? ??????? ????-???????? ????? ????????? (1830 - 1886), ??? ???????? (1849 - 1887), ????? ??????? (Helen Maria Hunt Jackson, 1830 - 1885) ???? ???????? ( 1829 - 1923). ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? (1809 - 1849) ?? ???? ??????? (1819 - 1898). ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????????. ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????, ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????????. ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ????. ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????????????. ??? ???????? " ??????? ??????? " ( ???? . Leaves of Grass) ?? ???? ????????????? ?? ????????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????.

??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????, ????? ????????? - ??????????, ??????? , ?????? ?????? , ???? ???????? , ????? ?????? . ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????, ????????????? ???????, ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????: ???? ????????? ???????? ???????, ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????. ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????: ????? ??????? ?????? , ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????, ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????, ???? ???? , ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???????-?????????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ??????? , ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????, ???????? ?? ??????? ???????.

?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????????, ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????????????. ?? -19 ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???-???? ??????? ????????????? ?????? - ???? ????? , ??????????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? (" ??? ??????? ????????????? "," ???????? ????? ????????????? ") ?? ???????????? (" ????????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ") ???????. ?????? ?????-????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ?? ???? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ??????? (1804 - 1864), ??????? ?????? XVII ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ( ≪The Scarlet Letter≫ , ≪The house of the seven gables≫ ?? ????.). ??????????????, ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? (?????????? ????), ????? ?????? ( ?????? ?????? ), ????? ??????, ????????.

XX ?? XXI ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

1900 ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????, "????? ????" . ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????????, ????????????? ????????????. ?? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? (????????, ??????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? - ?????? ????????? , ??????? ???? ?????????? , ???????? ?????? , ??? ????????? ). ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? , ?????? ????????????????? ????? ?????? . 1911 ???? ???????? ???????"Masses", ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????, ??? ????? ?????? ????????????, ??????? ???-???? ??????????????? ??? ??? ????. 1920-???? ???????? ??????????, ????? ????? ???????? (short story) ???????????? ???? ??????? ???, ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????, ??? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????. ?? Playboy , ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????, ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? , ??? ??????? , ???? ???????? , ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????, New Yorker ????? ????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? . 1918 ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? .

??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? . ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?. ????? ????? -?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? . ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? , ??????? ???????? , ????? ????? , ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??-20 ???????? ?????? ??????? ???-???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? , ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? 1949 ????. ?? -20 ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? . ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ( ???? . The Catcher in the Rye) ?????????????? ?????? ?????? 1950-???? ?????? ????????????. ?? ??????????, ??????? 1951 ???? ???????, ???????? ???? (????????????? ???????????? ?????). ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????????. ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? . 1950-???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????. 60-??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ( The Zoo Story (1959) , The Death of Bessie Smith (1960), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962) ).

????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. 50-???? ?? 60-???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ( ??? ?????? ), ??????? ?????????? , ??????? ????? , ???? ????????? ), ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??? - ?? ???? - ?????????????? (?????????, ??? ?????? , ????? ??????? ).

?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? , ???? ?? -20 ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? . ????????? ???-???? ??????? ?????, ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? , ????? ????????? , ?????? ????????? , ????? ??????? , ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??- 20 ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????. ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????: ??? ???????? , ?????? ????????? , ????? ???????? , ????? ??????? , ????? ??????? , ??????? ?????? , ?????? ????? . ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ?????????????. ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? , ????????? ?????????? ( ????? ?. ???? , ?????? ??????? , ????? ????????? ), ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ????????. XXI ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????? ????????? ????????, ????????? ????? ??? ??????? , ????? ???? ????? , ???? ??????? , ????? ?????? , ??? ?????????? , ???? ??????????? ?? ??????.

?? -20 ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? , ?????? ??????? ???????? . ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????????. ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????, ????????? ????? ?????? ????? , ??? ????? , ??? ??????? . ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? 1930-??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? - " ??????? " ??????????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???????. [4] ?? -20 ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????, ????????? ????? ????? ???????? , ??? ?????? ????????? , ?????? ?? ????? . 21-? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?. ?. ??????? - ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????“ . ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? , ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? .

???????????? ?????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ???????????: ??????? , ????? , ???? , ???????? . ???-???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? . ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? . ???? ??????? ????????????? ????-????????? ??????? ?????: ???? ??? ?????, ????? ?????, ??????? ???? ?????????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ????.

???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? 1976 ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? . ???????-????????? ????????? ( ????? ???? , ?????? ?????? , ??? ????? , ??? ?????? ) ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????.

?????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

  1. ↑ ??????? ??????? ???????????? , ?. 1, ??. , 1975. ? ??. 374.
  2. ↑ Baym, Nina, ed. The Norton Anthology of American Literature . New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007. Print.
  3. ↑ Reynolds, Guy. "The Winning of the West: Washington Irving's 'A Tour on the Prairies'." The Yearbook of English Studies. 34: (2004) 88-99. JSTOR. Web. 1 March 2010.
  4. ↑ Skipp, Francis E. American Literature , Barron's Educational, 1992.
?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? . ????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? .
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