Ihe ngosi Tigrinya na ?l? ?ka ?t?d?ks nke Eritrea, Schiebroek, Rotterdam
Tigrinya (????; a na-akp?kwa
Tigrigna
) b? as?s? Semitic nke Etiopia nke a na-as?kar? na
Eritrea
na na mpaghara Tigray nke d?
n'ebe
ugwu
Etiopia
.
[1]
? b?kwa nd? bi n'?wa niile n'ogbe nd? a na-as? ya. ?m? amaala n? n' ala nd? d? elu n' ime
Eritrea
na mpaghara Tigray nke ugwu n'
Etiopia
na-as? ya d? ka as?s? mb? ha.
? b? ezie na ? d? iche na as?s? Ge?ez (Ethiopian oge ochie), d?ka ?m?maat? n'inwe ngwaa ah?r?okwu, na n'iji usoro okwu nke na-etinye ngwaa b? isi n'ikpeaz? kama nke mb? na ah?r?okwu ah? b? mmet?ta siri ike nke
Ge?ez
na akw?kw? e dere banyere Tigrinya, ?kachas? na okwu nd? met?tara nd? Nd? nke Kra?st, aha d? na Akw?kw? Ns?, na ihe nd? ?z?.
[2]
Ge'ez, n'ihi ?n?d? ya na ?d?bend? Etiopia, na ikekwe usoro ya d? mfe, r?r? ?r? d? ka usoro edemede ruo n'oge na-ad?begh? anya.
[3]
Ihe at? mb? e dere ede nke Tigrinya b? ederede nke iwu obodo a, ach?tara na mpaghara Logosarda, n' ebe Debub n' ime mpaghara nd?da Eritrea, nke sitere na nar? af? nke 13.
N' ime Eritrea, n'oge ?ch?ch? nd? Britain, Ministri nke na af? maka mgbasa ozi wep?tara akw?kw? ak?k? nke a na ebip?ta kwa izu n' ime Tigrinya nke na-efu ha 5 cents ma na-erekwa mkp?r? 5,000 kwa izu. N'oge ah?, a k?r? na ? b? nke mb? n'?d? ya.
[4]
Tigrinya (ya na Arabic) b? otu n'ime as?s? g??ment? Eritrea n'oge njik? ya na Ethiopia d? mkpirikpi; na 1958 e ji as?s? nd? Southern Ethiopia Amharic dochie ya tupu njik?ta ha. Mgbe Eritrea nweere onwe ya na af? 1991, Tigrinya n?gidere na-a
ib? as?s? eji ar? ?r? na mba ah?, naan? steeti d? n'?wa, ruo mgbe e mere mgbanwe na Ethiopia na af? 2020, iji nabata Tigrinya dika as?s? ana as? n' obodo ah? nile.
Enwegh? aha zuru oke maka nd? nile na-as? Tigrinya. N' ime Eritrea, a maara nd? na-as? Tigrinya d? ka
Bihere-Tigrigna
("mba nd? na-as? Tigrinya") ma ? b? nd? Tigrinya. Na mba Etiopia, a na-akp? onyeTigrayan, nke b? nwa af? Tigray, onye na-as?kwa as?s? Tigrinya, tigr?w?y (nwoke),
tigr?weyt?
(nwaany?),
tigr?w?t
ma ? b?, na nch?k?ta,
tegaru
(?t?t?). Biher p?tara "mba" n'echiche agb?r? nke okwu ah? na Tigrinya, Tigre, Amharic na Ge'ez. Nd? Jeberti n? na Eritrea na-as?kwa Tigrinya.
Tigrinya b? as?s? a na-as?kar? na Eritrea (lee Demographics of Eritrea), na as?s? nke an? a na-asukar? na Ethiopia ma ag?sia Amharic,
Oromo
, na Somali. Obodo buru ibu na-akwaga mba ?z? n' ebe ?wa s?t?r? na-as?kwa ya, na mba nd? g?nyere
Sudan
, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden, United Kingdom, Canada na United States. Na Australia, Tigrinya b? otu n'ime as?s? nd? a na-agbasa na redio ?ha na eze site na at?mat? ozi a nakp? Multicultural Special Broadcasting Service.
[5]
As?s? Tigrinya d? iche iche na udaolu, ahiri okwu ha, na ?t? as?s?.
[6]
Enwegh? olumba nke a nabatara d? ka ?k?l?t?.
Maka nn?chiteanya nke ?da Tigrinya, isiokwu a na-eji mgbanwe nke usoro a na-ah?kar? (? b? ezie na ? b?gh? ozuru ?wa ?n?) n'etiti nd? ?ka mm?ta as?s? na-ar? ?r? na as?s? Semitic nke ndi Etiopia, mana ? d?t? iche na ejimmalu nkeInternational Phonetic Alphabet.
Tigrinya nwere ?d? ?daume maka as?s? Semitic nke Etiopia. Nke ah? b?, e nwere usoro ?daume ejective na usoro ?daume asaa a na-ah?kar?. N'ad?gh? ka ?t?t? n'ime as?s? Semitic nke Ethiopia nke oge a, Tigrinya echekwara ?daume pharyngeal ab?? nke o doro anya na ha b? ak?k? nke
as?s? Ge?ez
oge ochie na nke, tinyere [x'], ?da olu velar ejective fricative ma ? b? ?da olu uvular ejective, na-eme ka ? d? mfe ?mata ?d?iche d? n'etiti Tigrinya na as?s? nd? yiri ya d? ka Amharic, elegh? anya ? b?gh? site na Tigre, nke jikwa ?daume phoryngeal.
Ihe ngosi nd? d? n'okpuru na-egosi phonemes nke Tigrinya. A na-egosi ?da ndia site na iji otu usoro ah? na-an?chite anya ?da d? ka ? d? na isiokwu nd? ?z?. Mgbe akara IPA d? iche, a na-egosi orthography na brackets.
Mkp?r? okwu
|
|
?n?
|
Eze / Alveolar
|
Postalveolar/Palatal
|
Velar
|
?kp?kp? akp?r?
|
?k?
|
| Ala D? lar??
|
?l? nyocha
|
| ?gb? imi
|
m
|
n
|
? ?n?
|
|
|
|
|
| Plosive
|
enwegh? olu
|
p
|
t
|
t? ???
|
k
|
k?
|
|
? ?’?
|
| kwuru okwu
|
b
|
d
|
d? ???
|
?
|
??
|
|
|
| ejective
|
p?
|
t?
|
t?? ??'?
|
k?
|
k??
|
|
|
| Ihe na-esiri ike
|
enwegh? olu
|
f
|
s
|
? ???
|
x[lower-alpha 1]
|
x?[lower-alpha 1]
|
ħ ???
|
h
|
| kwuru okwu
|
v[lower-alpha 2]
|
z
|
? ???
|
|
|
? ???
|
|
| ejective
|
|
ts? ?s'?
|
|
x?[lower-alpha 1]
|
x??
[lower-alpha 1]
|
|
|
| Ihe at?
|
|
l
|
j ?y?
|
|
w
|
|
|
| Rhotic
|
|
r
|
|
|
|
|
|
A na-egosi ?da site na iji otu usoro ah? na-an?chite anya ?da d? ka ? d? na isiokwu nd? ?z?. Mgbe akara IPA d? iche, a na-egosi orthography na brackets.
Mkp?r?edemede
[7]
|
|
N'ihu
|
Central
|
Nlaghachi
|
| N'ak?k?
|
i
|
? ???
|
u
|
| N'etiti
|
e
|
? ?a?
|
o
|
| Emeghe
|
|
a
|
|
Gemination, ?mup?ta ?kpukpu ab?? nke ?da ?daume, nwere ihe ? p?tara na Tigrinya, ya b?, ? na-emet?ta ihe okwu p?tara. ? b? ezie na gemination na-ar? ?r? d? mkpa na ?d?d? nke ngwaa na as?s? Tigrinya, akara nd? ?z? na-esokar? ya. Mana enwere ?n? ?g?g? d? nta nke okwu mkp? ab?? nke enwere ike ?mata ?d?iche ha na ibe ha site na gemination, d?ka /
/k??rr?b?/
/, ('? weputara '); /k??r?b? /, ('? biaruru nso). Enwere ike ?m?p?ta ?kpukpu ?z? d?nyere ?daume niile, ma e wez?ga pharyngeal na glottal.
[8]
A na-a
/k/
p?p?ta ?daume velar ndia /k/ na /
/k?/
/ n'?z? d? iche mgbe ha p?tara ozugbo mgbe ?daume gas?r? ma ha anagh? ejik?ta ha. N' ?d? ?n?d? nke a, a na-a
/k/
p? /k/ d? ka fricative velar. A na-akp?p?ta /
/k?/
/ d? ka esemokwu, ma ? b? mgbe ?f?d? d? ka affricate. A na-ekwukar? fricative ma ? b? affricate a n'az?, n'ebe uvular nke articulation (? b? ezie na a na-an?chite anya ya n'isiokwu a d? ka
[x?]
). Ihe nd? a niile nwere ike ime - velar ejective fricative, uvular ejective friative, velar ejetive affricate na uvular ejetive africate - b? ?da d? oke ?k? n'as?s?.
Ebe ? b? na ?da ab?? a na-adabere
/k/
pamkpam na gburugburu ha, enwere ike iwere ha d? ka allophones nke /k/ na /
/k?/
/. Nke a doro anya kar?s?a site na mgb?r?gw? ngwaa nke a na-agh?ta otu ?daume d? ka otu ma ? b? nke ?z? na-adabere na ihe bu ya ?z?. D?ka ?m?maat?, maka ngwaa nke p?tara mkpu, nke nwere mgb?r?gw? triconsonantal, e nwere ?d? nd? d? ka ???? /
/m?bkaj/
/ ('?kwa akwa') na ??? /
/b?x?j?/
/ ('? tiri
akwa'
), na maka ngwaa p?tara 'izu ohi', nke nwere mgbidi triconsonental nke nwere mgb?r?gba /j?s?rk?__, e nwere ?d?d? nd? d? ka ?? /
/j?s?rk?u/
/ ('ha na-ezu ohi') na ??? /j?s ?rr?x'/? na-e zu ohi').
Ihe na-ad?r? mmas? kar?s?a banyere ?da ab?? a b? na ha d? iche na orthography Tigrinya. N'ihi na allophones b? ihe a na-ah? anya kpamkpam, ? b? ihe a ma ama ka ha jiri akara d? iche iche na-an?chite anya ha n'?d? ederede nke as?s?.
A Tigrinya syllable nwere ike ?nwe consonant-vowel ma ? b? a consonant - vowel-consonant usoro. Mgbe ?daume at? (ma ? b? otu ?daume geminated na otu ?daume d? mfe) gbak?tara n'ime otu okwu, a na-ekewa ?y?k? ah? site na iwebata ?daume epenthetic ?, na mgbe ?daume ab?? (ma ?b? otu ?daume Geminated) ga-emechi okwu, ?daume m na-ap?ta n'az? ha, ma ? b? (mgbe nke a na-eme n'ihi ?n?n? nke nsonaaz?)
?
na-ewebata n'ihu nsonaaz?.
D?ka ?m?maat?,
Nchegbu ab?gh? ihe d? iche ma ? b? ihe d? ?r?ba ama na Tigrinya. O yiri ka ? dabere na gemination, mana o doro anya na a ch?p?tabegh? ya.
Ihe nd? a na-ah?kar? na ?t? as?s?
[
dezie
|
dezie ebe o si
]
N'as?s?, Tigrinya b? as?s? Semitic (ES) nke Etiopia n'?t?t? ?z?:
- A na-emeso aha Tigrinya d? ka nwoke ma ? b? nwany?. Otu ? d?, ?t?t? aha nd? na-ad?gh? nd? enwegh? okike.
- Aha Tigrinya nwere ?t?t?, yana otu, ?d?, ? b? ezie na ?t?t? ab?gh? iwu mgbe as?s? ma ? b? ihe d? ire na-eme ka ?n? ?g?g? ah? doo anya. D? ka ? d? na Tigre na Ge?ez (yana Arabic), enwere ike ?mep?ta ?t?t? aha site na mgbanwe d? n'ime ("mgbat?" ?t?t?) yana site na mgbakwunye nke nsonaaz?. D?ka ?m?maat?, ??? Haars '?ny?nya', ??ra? ?afras '?ny?nya'.
- Adjectives na-akpa agwa n'?t?t? ?z? d? ka aha. ?t?t? adjectives Tigrinya, d? ka nd? d? na Tigre na Ge'ez, nwere ?d? nwany? na ?t?t? (nwoke ab??). D?ka ?m?maat?, ???
s'?bbux
'ezi (m.sg.)', ????
s'?bb?x'ti
'ezi (f.sg.) ', ???? s'?ukwux'at 'ezi (pl.'''''
)'
- N'ime nn?chiaha onwe onye na mgbanwe nkwek?r?ta isiokwu na ngwaa, a na-ekewa okike na onye nke ab?? yana nke at?. D?ka ?m?maat?, ????
tazarab
'ikwu okwu! (m.sg.)', ???? tazar marka 'ikwu (f.sg.)'.
- Adjectives nwere ihe na-ewere ?d? aha aha: ?? gaza '?l?', ??? gaza-y '?l? m', ??? gaza-xi '?l? g? (f.sg.) ?l?'.
- Ngwaa na-adabere na mgb?r?gw? ?daume, ?t?t? n'ime ha nwere ?daume at?: {
sbr
} '?gbaji', ???
sabara
'? gbajiri', ???? y?sabb?r '? gbaji', ????
m?sbar
'?gbap?'.
- N'ime usoro oge, enwere ?d?iche d? n'etiti ?d? zuru oke, nke jik?tara ya na nsonaaz? na-egosi ihe gara aga, na ?d? ezughi oke, nke ejik?tara ya na prefixes na n'?n?d? ?f?d? nsonaaz?, ma gosip?ta ugbu a ma ? b? ?d?nihu: ???
sabar-u
'ha mebiri emebi', ????
y?-sabr-u
'Ha mebiri emebie'.
- D? ka ? d? na Ge'ez na Amharic, e nwekwara ?d? ngwaa "gerundive" d? iche, nke a na-ejik?ta ya na nsonaaz? ma jiri ya jik?ta ngwaa
n'ime
ah?r?okwu: ???? ???? gadifka
tazarab
'kw?s? (nke ah?) ma kwuo (m.sg.)'.
- Ngwaa nwekwara ?d? d? iche iche nke jussive / imperative, yiri nke ezugh? oke: ????
y?-sbar-u
'ka ha mebie'.
- Site na mgbakwunye nke ?d?d? sitere na ya (mgbanwe d? n'ime ngwaa na / ma ? b? prefixes), ngwaa nwere ike ime ka ? b?r? ihe na-agagh? agafe agafe, na-akpata, na-agbak?ta, na-aga n'ihu, ma ? b? na-akpat?: ???
falat'-u
'ha maara', a ????
ta-falt'-u
'a maara nke ?z? (ha webatara)', ???-falatu 'ha-ha-ha mara onye ? b?la', a k?-f'f'f.
- Ngwaa nwere ike iwere ihe na nn?chianya nn?chianya: ????
falat'a-nni
'? maara m', ????? falat '? maara maka m'.
- A na-egosip?ta mgbagha site na prefix
ay-
na, na ah?r?okwu onwe onye, suffix
-n
: ?????? ?ay-falat'a-n '? magh?'.
- Copula na ngwaa nke ?d? ad? n'oge a b? ihe na-ad?gh? mma: ?? ?allo 'ebe ah?, ? d?', ?? ??yyu '? b?', ??? ma ? b? ??bo? yallan ma ? b?
yalbon
'? b?gh?, ? d?gh? ad?',
- Ngwaa nke ?d? ad? na nsonaaz? ihe maka onye nwe ya na-egosip?ta ihe onwunwe ('nwere') na ibu ?r? ('kwes?r?'): ??? ?allo-nni 'Enwere m, aghagh? m' (nwere m).
- A na-egosip?ta ah?r?okwu nd? met?tara ya site na prefix agbakwunyere na ngwaa: ????
z?-falat'a
'onye maara'
- Okwu nd? d? iche iche, nke nwere okwu nd? met?tara ya na-agbasokar? copula, b? ihe a na-ah?kar?: ?? ?? ???? man ??yyu z?-falat'a 'onye maara?' (lit. 'onye ? maara?'? d? iche iche
- E nwere akara ebubo eji eme ihe na ihe doro anya. Na Tigrinya nke a b? prefix
n?-
. D?ka ?m?maat?, 'Hagos zutere Almaz'.
- D? ka ? d? n'as?s? Semitic nd? ?z?
nke oge a
, usoro okwu ndabara na ah?r?okwu b? isiokwu, na nd? na-agbanwe aha na-ab?kar? (? b? ezie na ? b?gh? mgbe niile na Tigrinya) na-ebute aha isi ha.
As?s? Tigrinya p?r? iche n'ime ezin?l? as?s? Semitic nke Etiopia n'?t?t? ?z?:di ichiche
- Maka nn?chiaha onye nke ab??, enwere ?d? ?daume d? iche, nke a na-eji eme ka mmad? mara: ???
n?ss?xa
'? (m.sg.)', ?? ?atta '?! (m.ss.)'.
- E nwere otu isiokwu doro anya, nke met?tara (d? ka n'as?s? Bekee) na adjective na-egosi ihe p?tara 'nke ah?': ?? ?? ??ta gwal 'nwa agb?gh?'.
- A na-eji ?d? gerundive eme ihe maka oge gara aga, yana maka ?r? njik? d? ka na Ge'ez na Amharic: ????
tazaribu
'(he) na-ekwu okwu, o kwuru okwu.
- Ee-e-e-aj?j? nd? a na-eji akara nke do na-esote okwu a j?r? aj?j?: ????? ???
?aftaydo
r? Xi '? (f.sg.) h?r? nwanne m nwany??'.
- Akara na-ad?gh? mma ?ay- -n nwere ike ?p?ta aha, nn?chiaha, na adjectives yana ngwaa: ????? ?ay-?ana-n '? b?gh? m', ?????? ?ay?ab?y- conv '? b?gh? nnukwu'
- Tigrinya nwere usoro d? mgbagwoju anya na-ad?gh? ah?kebe, nke nwere ?t?t? ihe d? iche iche site na iji ngwak?ta nke ?d? at? d? mkpa (zuru oke, ezughi oke, gerundive) na ngwaa enyemaka d? iche iche g?nyere copula (?? ??yyu, wdg), ngwaa nke ?d? ad? (?? ?allo, wdg.), na ngwaa ??? 'd? ad?, ibi', ??
kona
'become', ??
s'an?e
'n'?'.
- Tigrinya nwere njik? prepositions kwek?r? na preposition compounds d? na Amharic: na ??? ??? ?ab l??li ?arat 'n'elu (n'elu) akwa', na n'okpuru ??? ?Ab__arati ?arat'okpuru akwa'
- N'ad?gh? ka ?t?t? as?s? Semitic nke Etiopia, Tigrinya nwere naan? otu usoro nke nsonaaz? ngwa, nke a na-eji maka dative na benefactive na maka locative na adversative senses: ????? tax'ammit'a-llu '? n?d?r? ala
maka ya'
ma ? b? '? n?d? ala na ya' ma? b? '? n?r? ala
na ya'
.
E dere Tigrinya na edemede Ge?ez, nke e mep?tara maka Ge?ez. Ihe odide nd? Etiopia b? abugida: akara ? b?la na-an?chite anya ?daume + ?daume, a na-ahazi akara nd? ah? n'igwe nke akara nd? yiri ya dabere na ?daume na ?daume.
[8]
Na teb?l d? n'okpuru, a na-enye ogidi nd? ah? ?daume asaa nke Tigrinya; ha na-ap?ta n'usoro ?d?nala. A na-enye ah?r? nd? ah? na ?daume, ?z? n'usoro ?d?nala.
Maka ?daume ? b?la na abugida, enwere akara a na-amagh? aha ya na-an?chite anya ?daume ah? na-esote ?daume ma ? b? nke sitere na ya. Maka abugida nke Etiopia, ?daume a b? a, k?l?m mb? na teb?l. Otu ? d?, ebe ? b? na ?d
a
ume a enwegh? ike ?gbaso ?daume pharyngeal na glottal nke Tigrinya (na as?s? Semitic nd? ?z? nke Etiopia), akara nd? d? na k?l?m mb? n'ah?r? maka ?daume nd? ah? na-akp?p?ta ?daume a, d?ka ? d? na ah?r? nke an?. Ihe nn?chianya nd? a na-ad?gh?zi ar? ?r? na Tigrinya ma na-egosi ya na ndabere na-acha
nt? nt?
na teb?l. Mgbe ? d? mkpa ?n?chite anya ?daume na-enwegh? ?daume na'esote, a na-eji ?d?
?daume
+? (akara d? na k?l?m nke isii). D?ka ?m?maat?, a na-ede okwu ah? b?
?
convinta 'g?n??' b? ????, nke p?tara n'?z? nk?t? b? ??-n?-ta-y?.
Ebe ? b? na ?f?d? n'ime ?d?iche nd? o doro anya na e mere na Ge'ez efunah?la na Tigrinya, enwere akara ab?? nke ? b?la maka ?daume ???, ?s?, na ?s??. Na Eritrea, maka ?s? na ?s??, ? d?kar?a ala, otu n'ime nd? a adaala na Tigrinya ma a na-ewere ya ugbu a d? ka ihe ochie. A na-egosi usoro nd? a a na-ejigh? eme ihe na ndabere na-acha nt? nt? na chaat? ah?.
orthography anagh? egosi gemination, ya mere okwu ab??
k'arraba
'? b?arutere', k'araba '? n? nso' ka edere ???. Ebe ? b? na obere ?z? ab?? d? otu ah? d? obere, nke a anagh? enye nsogbu nye nd? na-ag? as?s? ah?.
- ↑
"
Tigrinya language
",
Encyclopaedia Britannica
.
- ↑
The Bible in Tigrinya, United Bible society, 1997
- ↑
Edward Ullendorff,
The Ethiopians
,
Oxford University Press
, 1960
- ↑
Ministry of Information (1944)
The First to be Freed?The record of British military administration in Eritrea and Somalia, 1941-1943
.
- ↑
??? ?? ????
.
SBS Your Language
. Archived from
the original
on 2018-03-20. Retrieved on 2022-10-20.
- ↑
Leslau, Wolf (1941)
Documents Tigrigna (Ethiopien Septentrional): Grammaire et Textes
.
- ↑
Buckley, E. (1994).
- ↑
8.0
8.1
Rehman, Abdel.
- Amanuel Sahle (1998)
Sawasas?w T?gr?nna b?safi?
. Lawrencevill, NJ, USA: Red Sea Press.
ISBN
1-56902-096-5
- Dan'el Taxlu Rada (1996, Eth. Ihe mere n'ala.)
Zabanawi sawas?w kw'ankw'a T?gr?nna
. Max'ala
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] English Tigrigna Dictionary: A Dictionary of the Tigrinya Language: (Asmara) Simon Wallenberg Press. Okwu Mmalite Peeji nke As?s? Tigrinya
- Eritrean People's Liberation Front (1985) Dictionary, English-Tigrigna-Arabic. Rome: EPLF.
- ----- (1986) Dictionary, Tigrigna-English, mesgebe qalat tigrinya englizenya. Rome: EPLF.
- Kane, Thomas L. (2000) Tigrinya-English Dictionary (2 mp?ak?ta). Springfield, VA: Dunwoody Press.
ISBN
1-881265-68-4
- Leslau, Wolf (1941) Akw?kw? tigrigna: ?t? as?s? na ederede. Paris: Akw?kw? C. Klincksieck.
- Mason, John (Ed.) (1996) Sawas?w T?gr?nna, Tigrinya Grammar. Lawrenceville, NJ, USA: Red Sea Press. ISBN
0-932415-20-2
(
ISBN
, akw?kw? mp?ak?ta)
- Praetorius, F. (1871)
Grammatik der Tigrinasprache na Abessinien
. Halle
ISBN
3-487-05191-5
(nke e bip?tara na 1974)
- Tax брак Taxla et al. (1989, Eth. Ihe mere n'ala.)
Mazgaba k'alat T?gr?nna b?-T?gr?nnna
. Addis Ababa: Igd matamiya d?r? mod?t.
- Ullendorff, E. (1985) A Tigrinya Chrestomathy. Stuttgart: F. Steiner.
ISBN
3-515-04314-4
- Ze'im Girma (1983)
L?sana Agzayi
. Asmara: ?l? obibi akw?kw? g??ment?.
- Ebe e si nweta edemede Ge?ez: