Ag?man?man? b? otu ngalaba n'ime ag?mand? nke na-am?ta ?ha umuan?man? nke g ?nyere ndok?, ag?maembryo, evolution, nhazik?r?ta , omume na nkesa umuan?man?, ma nd? d ? nd? na nd ? nwuchap?, nakwa etu ha na gburugburu si emek?r?ta.

Ak?k?ala [ dezie | dezie ebe o si ]

Site oge ochie ga Darwin [ dezie | dezie ebe o si ]

Ak?k?ala nke ag?man?man? na-esoro am?mam? ?ha umuan?man? site n'oge ochie ga n'oge nkeugbua. N'agbayengh ? na echiche ag?man?man? tolites ? a d ? ka otu mpaghara n'ime sayens ?, nd ? sayens ? nke ag?man?man? wap?ta site n'ak?k?ala nke?natarachi nke jik?tara nd ? ?r? ag?mand? nke Aristotle na Galen n'?wa Greek-Rome. ?r? ochie nke a gab ? gara oke ngh?lite n'ime nd ? Oge Etiti site n'aka nd ? dib ? a n'?kakw?kw? Muslim d ? ka Albertus Magnus. Na Mgbe Renaissance nakwa oge ugbua nke gboo, echiche ag?man?man? gh?litezie ike na Yurop maka mmeghata mmasi nime empirisism na nch?p?ta ?t?t? nd ? -organism ?h?r?. Nd? ama ama n'ime oke ngh?lite a b? Vesalius na William Harvey, onye jiri nnwale na nleruanya nwany? n'ime ag?ma?r?eke nakwa nd ? ag?ma?natarachi nke g?nyere Karl Linnaeus, Jean-Bapiste Lamarck na Buffon, onye bidoro ? hazik?ta diversiti nke nd? nakwa ndek? fossil, yana ngh?lite na mkparamagwa nd?organism. Mikroskopi kpughere ?wa nke nd? mikrorganism, nakwa debere nt?ala maka Nk?wa Mkp?r?nd?. Ntolite mkpa gbanyere ag?machukwu nke?natarachi na Ih?nanyamamihe nke-mechanikal, gbara ume ntolite ak?k?ala-?natarachi( n'agbanyegh? na ? s?nyezie n'ime esemokwu nke sina mmewe)

N'ime nar?af?? nke 18, nke 19, na nke 20, ag?man?man? gh?nyezie n'usoro ?z?z? sayens? nke na-abalite. Nd? nnyocha na nd? ag?ma?natarachi d?ka Alexander von Humbodlt lebara anya n'ime mmek?r?ta d? n'etiti nd?organism na gburugburu ha, n' ?z? mmek?r?ta a dabere n'eseresean?, nke debere nt?ala maka eseresean?nd?, ag?magburugburu n'ag?magwan?man?. Nd? ag?ma?natarachi bidoro ?j?l? essentialism na t?lere mkpa nke nw?chap? na mgbanwe nd? speshie. Nk?wa mkp?r?nd? butere nsirih? ?h?r? n'ebe nt?ala nke nd? n?.

Oge Mmes?a-Darwin [ dezie | dezie ebe o si ]

Ihe ngh?lite nd? a, nakwa mp?ta site na ag?maembryo na ag?mand?ochie, b? nke asynthesizie n'ime nk?wa Charles Darwin gbasara evoluti?n sina nh?r? nke-eke. N'af?? 1859, Darwin tinyere nk?wa nke organik evoluti?n n'ime nt?ala ?h?r?, site na nch?p?ta ya gbanyere otu usoro organik evoluti?n sina dap?ta, ma nyekwa ihe akaebe nke gosiri n'otu ? si eme ya.

Darwin nyere nt?ziaka ?h?r? banyere ag?mamgbanwe n'ag?ma?r?eke, site na ijik?r? ha n'otu nk?wa nkeag?mand? : nk?wa nke organik evoluti?n. Mp?ta ya b? iwubeghar? nhazik?r?ta nke nd? an?man? n'usoro ag?magb?ezina?l?, nyocha ?h?? gbasara ngh?lite nd?an?man?, na mgbal? mb? iji ch?p?ta njik? nke genetiks ha. Na nkw?si nar?af?? nke 19 a h?r? ?d?da nke ?mumu Spontaneous na nkunite nk?wa ?r?a sina nje, mana mechanism gbasara nketa ka d? omimi . Na mmalite nar?af?? nke 20, nch?p?taghar? nd? ?r? Mendel dunyerezie ngh?lite ngwa-ngwa n'ime genetiks, na site na nd? af?? 1930 ntikota genetiks ?n??g?g? na nh?r? nke-eke n'oge ugbua kere ag?mand? nke-evoluti?n.

Nch?cha [ dezie | dezie ebe o si ]

Nke-Ndok? [ dezie | dezie ebe o si ]

Ag?mand? mkp?r?nd? na-eg?r? gbanyere nd? onwunwe nke-ndok? n'ag?ma?r?eke nd? mkp?r?nd?,ha g?nyere omume ha, mmek?r?ta na gburugburu. Ha na-eme ihe a n'ogo mikroskopi na molekul, maka nd? otu-mkp?r?nd? organism d?ka bakteria nakwa nd?-mkp?r?nd? nke?kachamara n? n'ime nd? ?t?t?-mkp?r?nd? organism d?ka nd? mmad?. ?gh?ta ndok? nakwa ?r? nd? mkp?r?nd? d? mkpa maka nd? sayens? nke-ag?mand? niile. Myiri na ?d?iche n'etiti nd? ?d? mkp?r?nd? d? iche iche d? mkpa ?kachasi n'ag?mand? nkemolekul.

Ag?mah? na-at?lere nd? ?d? ndok? nke-mikroskopi d? iche iche d?ka nd? organ na nd? usoro organ. ? na-elekwasiri anya n'otu nd? organ na nd? usoro organ si na-er?k?r?ta n'ime ah? nd? an?man? na mmad?, na gbakwunyerezie otu ha si ar? ?r? n'onwe ha. Ag?mah? na ag?mand? nke-mkp?r?nd? b? am?mam? ab?? d?kwa nso nakwa inwere ike hazik?ta ha n'otu am?mam? nke-ndok?.

Nke-Ag?ma?r?eke [ dezie | dezie ebe o si ]

Ag?ma?r?eke na-eg?r? gbanyere usoro nke-mechanik, ah?nihe na biochemikal d? n'ah? nd? organism d? nd?. ? b? am?mam? na-elekwasiri anya n'otu nd? ndok? n'ah? si na-er?k?r?ta d?ka otu ihe. Isiokwu nke 'ndok? ?r? ?r?' d? isi sekp?nti n'ag?mand?. Am?mam? nke-ag?ma?r?eke b? ihe a kewara n'ime ag?ma?r?eke umuak?mak? n'ag?ma?r?eke umuan?man?, mana ?f?d? ?kp?r? nke ag?ma?r?eke d? nkezuru?ha, n'agbanyegh? ?d? organism ha na-eg?r? gbanyere. ?mumaatu b? ihe a na-am?ta gbanyere ag?ma?r?eke nke nd? mkp?r?nd? yeast nweike b? ihe ntinye ga nd? mkp?r?nd? mmad?. Mpaghara nke ag?ma?r?eke umuan?man? gbasara nd? ngwa?r? na usoro nke ag?ma?r?eke nd? mmad? na nd? speshie ab?gh?-mmad?. Ag?ma?r?eke na-eg?r? otu a d?ka ?mumatu, usoro nerve, immune, endokrine, nkuume na mgbarubeghar?-?bara si na-er? ?r? na mek?r?ta.

Nke-Evolution [ dezie | dezie ebe o si ]

Nch?cha nke-evoluti?n na-elekwasiri anya n'isi mmalite na mgbada nd? speshie, yana mgbanwe ha n'oge gafes?a, ma g?nyere nd? ?kamm?ta sayens? nke site n'?t?t? ag?makw?kw? gbasara nhazik?r?ta umuorganism. D?ka ?mumaatu, n'izugbe ? g?nyere nd? sayens? niile nwere ?z?z? p?r? iche n'otu ag?makw?kw? d?ka ag?mamammal, ag?mannunu, ag?maherpeton, ma?b? ag?mah?h?, mana na-eji nd? organism ah? d?ka usoro iji aza aj?j? niile gbasara evoluti?n.

Ag?mand? nke-evoluti?n b? nke sitere na ag?mand?ochie, nke na-eji ndek? fossil na-aza aj?j? banyere ?d? na ?s? evoluti?n, nakwa n'obere na ngh?lite n'ime nd? mpaghara d?ka genetiks nke-?n??g?g?. Site na ngh?lite n'usoro mb?ba-mkp?s?aka DNA n'ime ngw?cha nar?af?? nke 20, ntinye n'?r? usoro nd? a n'ime ag?man?man? am?bawanyere ngh?ta nke ?n??g?g? ?m?an?man?. Na nd? af?? nke 1980, ag?mand? nke-ngh?lite abanyerezie ag?mand? nke-evoluti?n site na mwepub? ya pu? synthesis nkeugbua nke soro n'am?mam? ag?mand? nke-ngh?lite nke-evoluti?n. Am?mam? nd? ?z? at?lere d?ka agba ag?mand? nke-evoluti?n b? phylogenetiks, systematiks, na taxonomy.

Nhazik?r?ta [ dezie | dezie ebe o si ]

Nhazik?r?ta nke-sayens? n'ag?man?man?, b? usoro nke nd? ag?man?man? chik?tara na hazik?ta nd? organism n'ime otu nke-ag?mand?, d?ka genus ma?b? speshie. Nhazik?r?ta nke-ag?mand? b? ?d? taxonomy nke-sayens?. Nhazik?r?ta nke-ag?mand? nke-ugbua nwere mgb?r gw ya ?r? Karl Linnaeus, onye chikotara nd? speshie n'usoro agwara ah ha. Nchikota nd? a agab?gago nt?leghar? maka imeziwanye ka ? rube isi n'ebe ?kp?r? Darwin maka otu mgbada . Phylogenetiks nke-molekul, na-eji nsoje DNA d?ka data, ach?p?la ?t?t? nt?leghar? n'oge na-ad?begh? anya ma ? ga-aga n'ihu na-eme ya. Nhazik?r?ta nke-ag?mand? diri sayensi gbasara systematiks nke-an?man?.

?t?t? nd? ?kamm?ta sayens? na-at?le ugbua na usoro alaeze ise bu nke ochie. Usoro nhazi ?z? nke oge a na-ebido site n'usoro ngalaba at? : Archaea (nke nsinamb? ya b? Archaebakteria); Bakteria (nke nsinamb? ya b? Eubakteria); Eukaryota (g?nyere protist, fungi, umuak?mak? na ?m?an?man? ). Ngalaba nd? a na-egosip?ta ma nd? mkp?r?nd? nwere nuklei ma?b? na ha enwegh? ya, yana ?d?iche na nyak?r?ta nke-kem?kal n? na mp?ga mkp?r?nd?

?z?kwa, alaeze nke ?b?la na-agbawadata ugboro ugboro ruo mgbe ahazikota nd? speshie n'otu-otu. Nsoro b?: Ngalaba ; alaeze ; phylum ; klaas? ; nsoro ; ezina?l? ; genus ; speshie. A na-enweta aha sayens? nke nd? organism sitere na genus na speshie ya. D?ka ?m?maat?, edep?tara nd? mmad? d?ka Homo sapiens . Homo b? aha genus na sapiens b? aha speshie, ha ab?? jik?tara n'?n? imep?ta aha ahu. Mgbe ? na-ede aha sayens? nke organism, ? di mma imebulite mkp?r?abidii nke-mb? n'aha genus ma meobere mkp?r?abidii niile na-ek?wap?tara. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike ?k?wa ya n'usoro italik ma? b?r? nke-ah?r? n'okpuru.

Usoro nhazik?r?ta nke-nchikota b? Linnaean taxonomy. ? g?nyere ogo na binomial nomenklature. Nhazik?r?ta, taxonomy, na mbamaha nke nd? organism nke-ag?man?man? b? nke Nsoro Mbamaha Ag?man?man? nkeNzuru?wa na-ach?kwata. E biputara mbip?ta njik?, BioCode na 1997 iji nwetakwu iguzorosike mbamaha, mana a kabatabegh? ya.

Ag?magwan?man? [ dezie | dezie ebe o si ]

Ag?magwan?man? b? am?mam? nke sayensi na nke akpagh? oke banyere omume umuanumanu n’okpuru onodu eke, ? megidere ag?makparamagwa, nke gbadoro anya n'am?mam? nzaghachi nke-agwa n'ime mwube laboratory. Nd? ag?magwan?man? na-elekwasiri anya t?mad? n'evoluti?n nke akparamagwa na nghota akparamagwa n'aha gbanyere echiche nh?r? nke-eke . N'otu uche, onye ag?magwan?man? nke mb? n'oge ugbua b? Charles Darwin, onye akw?kw? ya, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, met?tara ot?t? nd? ag?magwan?man? n'?d?nihu

Eseresean?nd? [ dezie | dezie ebe o si ]

Eseresean?nd? na-eg?r? gbanyere nkesawa ndi organism n'?wa, na-elekwasiri anya n'isiokwu d?ka nd? tektonik plate, mgbanwe ?didi?b?ch?, mgbasa, njeghar? na nke-kladistik. Okike maka am?mam? a d? ihe ejiama Alfred Russel Wallace, onye ag?mand? nkeBriten, ya na Charles Darwin dep?sara ?f?d? nd? or? ha n'otu

Nd? alaka nke ag?man?man? [ dezie | dezie ebe o si ]

N’agbanyegh? n'am?mam? gbanyere nd? umuan?man? d? ochie, mp?tanihe ya ugbua d? ?h?r?. Ihe a na-egosi ngafe site n'ak?k?ala nke-eke ga ag?mand? na mbido nke nar?af?? nke 19. Kemgbe Hunter na Kuvier, ag?mand? nkent?nyere nwere njik?nyelu eseresemgbanwe n'umuan?man?, na-akp?p? nd? mpaghara ag?makw?kw? n'oge ugbua d?ka ag?mah?, ag?maor?eke, ag?matissue, ag?materaton n'ag?magwan?man?. Ag?man?man? nkeugbua tolite na mb? n'ime nd? mahadum Germani na Briten, Na Briten, Thomas Henry Huxley, b? onye atakakpo. Echiche ya b? maka ag?mamgbanwe n'umuan?man?. Imilikiti t?lere ya d?ka onye nkachasi n'ag?mah? nkent?nyere n'okara nkeikpeaz? na nar?af?? nke 19. Na myiri Hunter, nkuzi ya g?nyere ihe nkuzi na nkuzi omeme nke laboratory, nke megidere ad?mad? gara-aga nke gbasara ihe nkuzi naan?

Nwanyo nwanyo ag?man?man? gbasa n'ofe ag?mah? nkent?nyere nkeHuxley eg?nyere nd? na-eson? n'okpuru ?z?z? ahu:

• Eseresean?man?, nke a makwaara d?ka Eseresean?man? nke-nk?wa , b? sayens? nke na-ak?wa gbasara umuan?man? na ebe obibi ha
• Ag?mah? nket?nyere, gbasara ndok? umuan?man?
• Ag?ma?r?eke Umuan?man?
• Ag?magbugburu nkemkparamagwa
• Ag?magwan?man? na-eg?r? agwa ?m?an?man?
• Ag?man?man? Nd? enwegh?-vertebrate
• Ag?man?man? Nd? vertebrate
• Ag?man?man? Ana
• Nd? ag?makw?kw? gbasara nhazik?r?ta umuorganism d?ka ag?mamammal, ag?mammad?, ag?maherpeton, ag?mannunu, ag?maz??, nakwa ag?mah?h? na-eh?gosi na hazik?ta nd? speshie nakwa ?g?r? nd? ndok? na mechanism nke diri nd? otu.

Nd? ag?makw?kw? d? nso:

• Ag?mand? nke-evoluti?n: A na-at?le ngh?lite nke umuan?man? n'umuak?mak? na ederede banyere evoluti?n, genetiks ?n??g?g?, nketa, mgbanwe d? iche iche, Mendelism nakwa mmeputakwa .
• Ag?mand? nkeMolekul na-am?ta nd? genetik mechanism nke-ngh?lite d? nk?t? n'ime umuan?man? n'umuak?mak?
• Ag?mand?ochie : am?mam? banyere nd? ?d? nd? nke nw?chap?.
• Systematiks, kladistiks, phylogenetiks, eseresean?ak?mak?, eseresean?nd?, nakwa taxonomy hazik? na chik?ta nd? speshie sitena n'otu mgbada na mkpak?r?ta nke-mpaghara .

Ebensib?a [ dezie | dezie ebe o si ]

Ag?man?man? site na Wikipidia Inglish.