????????, ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????:

????????? ??? ?? ???????????? ≪???????? ???????≫ ?? ≪??????? ???????≫ ??????????????????: ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?, ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????????: ??? ??????? ????????????, ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? (???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????): ?????? ???????????, ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????????? 93 ?????? ???????? ???? :

??? ??? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ? 13,798 ?????? (± 0,037 ??????) ???? ???? ^[1] :

???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ??????? ]

???????? ?'??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????: ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????:

????? ????? ?? ???????, ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?: ???? ???? ??????, ?? ??????? ????, ?? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?, ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????:

??????? ????????????????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??, ????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ??????????, ??? ????????????? ????????? ????????????: ???? ???????, ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? 8 ??? ?????????? ( ???????? , ???????? , ???? , ???????? , ?????? , ??????? , ??????? ) ?? 10-?? ?? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????: ???? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????????, ?????????? ????? 100 ????? ???? ?? ????????:

??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ???: ????? ?????????, ?? ?? ???????? 300.000 ??/???. ???????????, 1 ???????????? ??? ????? ????? 8 ????? ????? ???????????? ??????: ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? 8 ??????????: ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????, ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????????????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? 4 ???? 4 ??????? ????????: ???????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????, ?????????, ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????:

???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ???, ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????, ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????: ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????, ????, ??? ???????, ?? ?????? ????? ?????-????? ?????????????:

1. ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??? 70 ?????????? ????:
2. ????????? 2,5 ????? ????? ??? ?, ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????:
3. 1,5 ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ?'??????????? ??? ??????? ????????:
4. ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ????
5. ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ? ??????? 224 ??????, ?????? 1 ???? ?????? 243 ??????: ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????, ??? ??????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? 243 ????? ????? ???????
6. ??? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ??? ????, ?? ????? ??? ????????? 5 ??????: ??????? 95 ?????? ???????? ? ?????????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ?????? ??
7. 2004-?? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? 50 ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??, ?? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?, 10 ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????

?????? [ ???????? | ???????? ??????? ]

???????? ????? 14 ?????? ??????? ?: ????????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??: ??????????? ??? ??????????? 75% ???????? (??????) ?? 25% ???????: ????? ???? ????????? ????????? (nucleus) ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???, ????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? (fusion): ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????, ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?'????? ??? ???????: ???? ???? ?????? ?, ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????, ???? ≪?????????≫ ????????? ????? ???? ?'??????? (2,3):

?????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? 6,5 ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????: ????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ?: ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ????? 4,5 ?????? ???? ????: ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ≪???????≫ ?? ???? ??????? ??????: ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?: ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????, ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????: ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ????????: ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??, ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??, ????? ?????? ?? ?????????, ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ^[2] :

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