????? ????? ­??­??? ­??­??­??­????
??????? ?????	????????? ????????
???? ?	1883 ??? 1879
?????????	????? , ??????????? ?????? , ???????? ???????????
??????? ?	17 ????? 1915 ( 1915-04-17 ) ??? 1915
??????? ????	??? , ???? ?????? , ???????? ??????????? ???? , ????? , ??? , ???????
??????????????	???????? ???????????
?????????	??? [1]
?????	??? ?????????? ???????
??????????????	??????????? , ??????????? ?????? , ??????
?????????????	??? ??????????? ?????????????

????? (?????????, ????? ????????) ( 1879 , ??????? - 1915 ): ??? ??????????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ?????:

?????? [ ???????? | ???????? ??????? ]

???? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? 1883-??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???, ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ???? ???????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ^[2] ? ??????????? ??????????, ?????? ???, ????????? ? ???? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????????????. ??? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???, 1905 -?? ?????? ???, ??? ?????? ? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ???, ?????, ????? ???????????? ???, ??? ????? ? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????

????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????, ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????? ≪????? ?????≫ ^[3] ? ???????????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?'?????? ≪????????≫ ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?'????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????

????? 20 ???????, 1903 -?? ?????? ? ????-??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ???? ? ??? ???????, ?? ????? ? ????????

1904 -?? ????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??????, ??? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????????????, ???????? ???????? ?? ???????????????, ????????????? ?? ???????? ??, ?????????, ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????, ?? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???????

???? ??? ???????? ????????, ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????, ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????, ??? ???????? ???????????-??????????? ??, ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????????, ?? ?????? ???????? ???, ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??, ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ???. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ≪?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?? ???????????, ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????: - ?????? ????????

1908 -? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????, ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ?????? ≪??????????≫ ??????? ????????? ?????????

1915 -?? ????? ??????? ?'????? ????? ?????????? ??, ????? ??, ?? ???? ???????????????? ?'????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???????. ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????, ??????? ?? ???????, ?? ?? ?????????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????????, 3 ???????, ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?'??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??. ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????????, ???????? ?? ????????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? 12 ?????? ????????, ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????

????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ? ???? ?????, ?????? ??, ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????: ???? ?????? ?? ?????????, ??????? ??? ????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????. ???????, ??????? ?????? ??????????????, ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? 12 ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?'?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????: ????? ????? ??????? ?'??????? ????? ?????????? ???????... ???? ????????? ?? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????????... - ?????? ????????

?????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????????: ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????, ?? ????????? ?? ???????????? , ?? ??? ?????????.

?????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????: ??????, ???????????? ?? ?????????, ???? ?? ??????, ??????, ?????? ??? ????????? ???, ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????: ?????? ???? ???? ????????, ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????, ???????? ????? ????????????????, ????? accumulator ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?? :

????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????????????: ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????, ???????????, ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ??????: ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????:

???? ???????? ????????????????, ????????? ?? ??????????? ???, ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????:

??????????? ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ??????? ]

????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???, 1904-?? ?????? ?? ?????? 11 ????, ????? ? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ? ???, ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????-????? ????? ?????????????, ???????????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????????? ≪???? ????≫? ???????? ^[4]

????????? ???????????, ??????????, ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ??, ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????????????????? ≪????? ????, ????? ???????…≫? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????, ?????? ? ????, ???????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? - ???? ?????????

????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ?.?.?. ????????? ????????????????, ?? ?? ?????????????? ?? ????? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????, ????? ??????? ?????? ? 1915 -? ???? ????????? ???????????????????

??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????????? ???, ?????????????? ??????? ??????, ?????????????? ???????????, ≪????????≫ ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?, ???? ???????? ??????, ??????? ?? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ≪????? ????????≫ ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????

?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ???????? ?? ???????, ?????? ?? ??????, ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????, ?????????, ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????????, ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????, ?? ???????????, ?????? ??????????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??, ?? ?? ?? ???? ?, ??? ?????????? - ????? ?????????

????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ??????? ]

• ????????? ????? ???????, ??????, ?. ?????, 1919 ≪????????≫ ???????????????: Archived 2020-07-04 at the Wayback Machine.

????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ??????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ??????? ]

• ????? ????? (1883-1915). ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????: ^{[ permanent dead link ]}