???????, ???????????? ??????? (????.? bit - ??????????? ?????? ?? coin - ??????????), ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? 31 ????????? 2008 ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????????, ????????????????, ?????????????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? 2013 ??????????

???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?, ????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??? ?, ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?? ?'???????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????

???????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?? 2013 ???????? ?????? ???? ??? 10-15 ????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? 1163 ??????? ?????? 18 ????????? ???????? ???? ???? 200 ??????? 2016 ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ???, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ????? 1140 ??????: ????????? ?????? 2017-? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? 20.000 ??????? ????????? ??, ?? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? 400.000-??

??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ? ??? 12.000 ???????

?????????? ???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ??????? ]

????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????, ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? P2P ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ????????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ??? ?, ?? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? (????????, ???????? ?? ????) ???????? ??????????????? ?? ????????? ????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??

????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????, ??? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ? ??????? ????????????? ???????????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????, ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????????, ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????

• ???????? ???????? ????? (?????) ???????????? ?. ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ? ????????? ??????? (???????)? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ≪??????≫? ????? ???????? (???????????), ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????

????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????, ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??, ??????, e-Gold ?????????? ???, ?? 2006 ????????? ? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?? ???, ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????, 2007 ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ?? e-Gold ??????????????? ???????? ??? 60 ?????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? e-Gold ?????????????? ????

????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??, ??????, ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???, ??? ????? ???????? ??????????????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????????

??????????????? ?????????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ??????? ]

???????? ???????? ????? (?????) ???????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????, ????? ???? ? ????????? ?????? (???????)? ???? ???? ??? ???? ≪??????≫? ????? ???????? (???????????), ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? P2P ????????? ?????????? ? ???? ???????? (??????????) ??????????????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ????????????????????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? (Time Stamp Server)?

??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?'????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ????, ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ≪???????≫ ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ?????. ??, ???? ??? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ??????, ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???

????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????????? JSON ???????? ?????????? ????, ?? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? 3 ??????? 2011 ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? (?????? 1000 ????????? ??????????) ?????? ?? 21,018 ??, ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?? 139,440 ?????

????????? ≪?????????≫ ???????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????, ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????

????????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ????????? (Proof-of-Work) ?????????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ???? (??????? IP-????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????????????? ???????) ???????? ????????????? ?? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????-????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????????????

??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?, ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? (??? ??????????? ??????) ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ?'???????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ? 50 ???., ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ? ??????????? 210,000 ????? (??? ???? ?????) ??? ?? ?? ????????????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????? 21 ???????? ????? ≪?????????????≫ ?????????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??, ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????????, ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ??????

??????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??? ????????, ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????, ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????, ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ?????

???????????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ????, ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????

???? ??????????? ?????, ??????, ??????????? ?, ?? ???????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????????, ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ??????????

?????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?'????????, ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????

??????? ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ??????? ]

???????? ????????? ???????????? ? ????-????? ????????????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ≪????????????≫ ? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????

?????????????? ?? ?????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ??????? ]

????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ??, ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????: ????????? ???????? ????????, ????????? ? ?????? ??????????????????, ???? ?? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??.

• ???? ????????? ?????? - ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ??????????, ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????, ??? 2030 ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ? ????????? ?? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????, ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ??, ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?'??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????
• ?????? ???????????? - ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????, ?? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???, ??????, 2011-? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ????? ?? 17.50 ??????? ?????? 0.01-??
• ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? 2033 ?????????

• ???? ????????????? - ???? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ???, ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????, ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ????
• ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ??? ??????????? - ???? ?? ????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????, ??? ???? ≪???????? ????????????≫, ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????, ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????, ??????????? ?, ?? TOR ????????? ??? ?????? ≪????????? ?????≫ (Silk Road), ?? eBay-? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????, ?????????? ?'??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????
• ???????????? ????? - ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????
• ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? - ???? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ??????????? ???? ??????, ??? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ?'????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????
• ??? ?????????? ???, ???????? ?? ?????????, ?????????? ?? ????, ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ??

??? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???, ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????????

??????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ??????? ]

????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????????????, ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????????, ???????, ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? (Free Software Foundation), I2P ????? ????????? (I2P Anonymous Network), ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? (Italian Pirate Party) ?? Privacy Box-? (???????????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????)?

????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ???????? ??? ??? ? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ????????????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????????????

??????? ??????? ?????????? (The Electronic Frontier Foundation) ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????????, ?? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???, ?? ????? ?????????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????

???????? ????????? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ??????? ]

≪????????? ??? ?????-????? ?? ?????????? ???????, ?? ???????????? ? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ≪????≫ ?? ????, ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??? ??, ????????? ?????? ??, ????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????????????, ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ≪?????????≫ ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???, ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?, ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?, ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ????? ?, ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ???????????????????

??? ???? ? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????????. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ?'???, ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?'????? ????, ???????????? ???? ?? ??????????

????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ??????? ]

1. ↑ ≪???????? P2P ??????????? ??????????? ??. ??????, ??????????? ??????? Archived 2020-04-20 at the Wayback Machine.≫, ?????? ????????
2. ↑ ≪???????: ???? ? bitcoin-y ?? ???? ? ??????? ?????????≫? Vivus Blog (en-US)? 2018-03-17? ??????? ? 2018-06-27 (???????? ?????)
3. ↑ “PeerSoN: Privacy-Preserving P2P Social Networks”
4. ↑ https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2007/April/07_crm_301.html
5. ↑ ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????????
6. ↑ ^{Jump up to:6,0 6,1} Ibid. 1, “Proof-of-Work”
7. ↑ Ibid. 1, ≪Timestamp Server≫
8. ↑ Blockexplorer.com, avgblocksize ? shows the average block size? ≪???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????????≫
9. ↑ Blockexplorer.com, getblockcount ? shows the number of blocks in the longest block chain? ≪???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???≫
10. ↑ Lowenthal, Thomas, ≪Bitcoin: inside the encrypted, peer-to-peer digital currency≫, Ars Technica .
11. ↑ ≪???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????≫? ??????????? ? ????????? 2011-07-27-??? ??????? ? 2011-08-03-??:
12. ↑ ≪The Underground Website Where You Can Buy Any Drug Imaginable Archived 2011-06-03 at the Wayback Machine.≫? ≪??????????? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????≫, Gawker.com
13. ↑ ≪Libertarian Dream? A Site Where You Buy Drugs With Digital Dollars≫? ≪???????????? ????????? ????, ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????????≫
14. ↑ ??. 2008 ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? Archived 2017-10-27 at the Wayback Machine.
15. ↑ ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????
16. ↑ ≪Генерация Bitcoin в браузере≫, ≪Генерация Bitcoin в браузере: Обратная сторона≫; Habrahabr.ru
17. ↑ ???????? ?????? ???. ≪?????????????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????????????????≫
18. ↑ ≪EFF and Bitcoin | Electronic Frontier Foundation≫? ≪EFF-? ?? ????????≫, Eff.org.