?????????? ?????????

?????????? ????????? , ????????????? ?????????? ??? ???` ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???? ???????????????????, ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????, ????????? ?? ????????????????? ? ????????? ?????????????????? ????

?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? 19-?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ???????

??????-?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????????, ????-??????? ? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ??????-?????????? ???? ? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????-????????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????????? ?

??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????-?????????? ??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????????? ? ???? ? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ? ????? 17-?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??, ?? ????????????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????, ??? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????????

??????-?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??, ??? 1798 ???????? ?????????? ?? ≪??????????????? ????????? ????≫ ?????? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ??, ?? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ???, ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ?????, ??? ??????????? ??????, ??????? ???? ??????? ≪??????????? ??????≫?

?????? ? ??????-????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????????? ? ???????? ?? ??? ≪??????????????? ????????? ????≫ ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??????-?????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??, ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???, ?????? ?? ???????? ??, ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????????? ? ????? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ??? ≪????????????≫ ???? 6-?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??- ≪??? ?????????, ???????? ? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????, ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????≫, ?????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?

?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????, ??? ???????, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??

??????-???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????-?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??? survival of the fittest ?????????????? ????????, ???? ??????????? ? ?????? ≪?????? ?????????≫? ??? ≪?????????? ????????? ? ??????????≫ ? ≪???????? ??????????≫ (1860) ?????????????????? ?? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ^[1]? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ≪?????????? ???????? ?????? ????, ??? ??????? ????????? ??, ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????, ???? ? ????????≫ ^[2]?

??????-?????????? ?????????????????? ? ??????? ??????? (?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ? ??????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??)? 1883 ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ≪?? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????≫ ??????, ????? ???? ??, ?? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ^[3]? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ????????, ?? ?? ????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ^[4]?

?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????-?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??, ??????? ????? ?????? ≪?????? ??????≫ ? ≪?????? ????≫ ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ???? ? ??????????????, ????? ????????? ? ?? ??????-??????????? ??????? ??????????? ^[5]?

?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? 19-?? ???? ?????? ? 20-?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??? -??? ??????-?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? , ??????? ????? , ??????? ???????? ???????????? ? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????????????? ??????, ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ? ????????????????? ????????????????, ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????-?????????? ??????????? ^[6]? 1944 ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ≪??????-?????????? ????????? ????????≫ ?????, ????? ????? ???? ??????-?????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ^[7]?

??????-?????????? ?????????? ? ?????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????-?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????????, ??? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????????. ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????

??????-?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?. ??? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ? ? ?????????????, ??????, ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????????, ????????, ??????????? ?? ?????, ?? ?????? ?????????????

??????-?????????? ???????????? ???? ?? Laissez-faire -? ? ??????????? ???????? ????????????????. ????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ????? ≪??? ????, ??? ??????≫?

????????????? ?????????????? ??????-?????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????

??????-?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ??? ≪??????????????????? ????? ???????????? ??????≫ (1902) ??????????????? ^[8] ?? ?????????? ? ??????, ?? ???????????? ? ????????????????? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??, ???? ?????????????? ????????? ???????

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

↑ Spencer, Herbert. 1860. 'The Social Organism', originally published in The Westminster Review. Reprinted in Spencer's (1892) Essays: Scientific, Political and Speculative. London and New York.
↑ Claeys, Gregory (2000). "The 'Survival of the Fittest' and the Origins of Social Darwinism". Journal of the History of Ideas. 61 (2): 223?40. doi: 10.1353/jhi.2000.0014 .
↑ The Project Gutenberg eBook of What Social Classes Owe To Each Other, by William Graham Sumner . www.gutenberg.org. 2006-06-16. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
↑ "A careful reading of the theories of Sumner and Spencer exonerates them from the century-old charge of social Darwinism in the strict sense of the word. They did not themselves advocate the application of Darwin's theory of natural selection." The Social Meaning of Modern Biology: From Social Darwinism to Sociobiology
↑ "Borrowing from Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, social Darwinists believed that societies, as do organisms evolve over time. Nature then determined that the strong survive and the weak perish. In Jack London's case, he thought that certain favored races were destined for survival, mainly those that could preserve themselves while supplanting others, as in the case of the White race." The philosophy of Jack London Archived 2005-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Лейри М. Раса и цивилизация. // Расовая проблема и общество. / Общ. ред. и вступ. ст. М. С. Плисецкого . ? М.: Издательство иностранной литературы , 1957. ? С. 19-75.
↑ Историография истории нового и новейшего времени стран Европы и Америки (учебное пособие для студентов). / Под ред. И. П. Дементьева , А. И. Патрушева .
↑ Пётр Кропоткин. Взаимопомощь как фактор эволюции

????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

Социальный дарвинизм / Гофман А. Б. // Собаки ? Струна. ? М . : Советская энциклопедия, 1976. ? ( Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров ; 1969?1978, т. 24, кн. I).

??? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

Social Darwinism on ThinkQuest ?????????? 2005-06-24 Wayback Machine
In the name of Darwin ? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????
Descent of Man on Alibris ?????????? 2017-10-28 Wayback Machine

[1] Spencer, Herbert. 1860. 'The Social Organism', originally published in The Westminster Review. Reprinted in Spencer's (1892) Essays: Scientific, Political and Speculative. London and New York.

[2] Claeys, Gregory (2000). "The 'Survival of the Fittest' and the Origins of Social Darwinism". Journal of the History of Ideas. 61 (2): 223?40. doi: 10.1353/jhi.2000.0014 .

[3] The Project Gutenberg eBook of What Social Classes Owe To Each Other, by William Graham Sumner . www.gutenberg.org. 2006-06-16. Retrieved 15 April 2018.

[4] "A careful reading of the theories of Sumner and Spencer exonerates them from the century-old charge of social Darwinism in the strict sense of the word. They did not themselves advocate the application of Darwin's theory of natural selection." The Social Meaning of Modern Biology: From Social Darwinism to Sociobiology

[5] "Borrowing from Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, social Darwinists believed that societies, as do organisms evolve over time. Nature then determined that the strong survive and the weak perish. In Jack London's case, he thought that certain favored races were destined for survival, mainly those that could preserve themselves while supplanting others, as in the case of the White race." The philosophy of Jack London Archived 2005-10-27 at the Wayback Machine

[6] Лейри М. Раса и цивилизация. // Расовая проблема и общество. / Общ. ред. и вступ. ст. М. С. Плисецкого . ? М.: Издательство иностранной литературы , 1957. ? С. 19-75.

[7] Историография истории нового и новейшего времени стран Европы и Америки (учебное пособие для студентов). / Под ред. И. П. Дементьева , А. И. Патрушева .

[8] Пётр Кропоткин. Взаимопомощь как фактор эволюции

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