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←   Քարթլի-Կախեթի թագավորություն 		1795 - 1925 Փահլավիներ  →
Ռուսական կայսրություն  →
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(????????? ??????????? 18-?? ???? ?????? )

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??????? 3,00000 ??² (1796)
???????????? 4,00000 (1857) [4]
??????? 1,648,195 ??² (1857)
???????????? 11,78000 (1925) [4]
????? ????????? [1] [2] , ???????????? [3]
?????????? ????????? , ???????? , ????? , ?????
???? ??? ?????
???? ≪???????????? ?????≫

??????? ?????? (1789-1825), ????? (1825-1925)
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??????? ???? ???????? ?????????????
1906 ?????????
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- ????????? ???????? 1796
- ????-????????? ???????? 1804-1813
- ?????-????????? ???????? 1821-1823
- ?????-????????? ???????? 1826-1828
- ???????? ?????????????? 1905-1911

?????????? ?????????? ( ????. ? ???? ????????` ???????? ???????? ) ??? ????? ?????????? ( ????. ? ???? ????? ?????` ???????? ???? ???? ) ?????????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ???????????? 1795-1925 ??????????? [5] ? ????????? ? ???????????? [6] ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? 1795 ???????? [7] ? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?????, ??? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????? [8] ? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???? ? ???????? ???? ???? (1789-1797) [9] ?

? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ? ??????? [10] , ??? 19-?? ???? ????????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????????, ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? [11] ? ?????????? ????????, ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????? , ??????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ????????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????-????????? ???????????? ???? [12] ? 1857 ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????

19-?? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ? ????????. ???????? ? ?????????? ????????????????, ???????? ????? ??????? ????????, ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????-????????? ???????????? ????????? [13] [14] ? ? ?????, 20-?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? , ??? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ? ?? ????????????, ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????? [15] ?

?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ??, ??? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ???????????, ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? [16] ? ????? ???????????, ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ≪???????≫ ???????, ??????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? [17] ?

???????? ? ?????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ? ≪????? ??????????≫ ( ????. ? ???? ????? ?????` ???????? ???? ???? )? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?????????? , ?????????? ??? ??????? , ??? 18-?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????, ?????????????? ? ??? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ≪?????????? ??????????≫ ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ≪?? ?????≫ (????????) ?????? ???????? ???, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????????? ≪?????????????≫ [12] ? ????????? ???? (?????? ??? 35000 ????) ???????? ? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????

?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? (??????) [18] , ? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????. 1554 ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????, ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? [19] ?

??? ????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??? ???????? ??? ?????

16-17-?? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? I -? ?????????? ? ????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ( ?????? ) [15] ? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? (1686-1726), ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? II ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????????????, ?????? 1726 ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? (1722-1758) ??????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? , ?? ??????? ????? ??, ?? ???? ? ??? ????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ???????? [17] ?

1722 ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? , ???? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ????????????? , ????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????????

???????? ??????????? 11-?? ????? ?????, ??????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ? ??????????, ??????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????????????, ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? [20] ? 1779 ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????, ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ? ?? ?????????????????, ??????? ?????? ??, ??????, ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? [15] ?

??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ? ????? ??????????? [21] ? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????? , ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1796 ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ≪???????? ????????????≫ ??? ≪??????????????≫ ????????? [? 1] :

??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

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?????-????????? ?????????? (1730-1736) ? ???? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ( 1722-1730 ) ? ???????? ( 1724-1731 ), ?????? ( 1724 ) ? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????????????????? ???? ??? ??????????????? ? ???? ??????? [22] ? ? ???? ????????? ? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ? ????????? ????????? (???????? ????????? ????????? ??????), ? ?? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????????????? , ???????????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ( ??????? ??????????????? )? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ?????????? [23] ? ????-?????????, ?????-???????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ????????????????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????? II -? ????????????????? ??? ???? ?????? II -?? ?????????? ?????????? [24] ? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ????????????, ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????????? 1723-1727 ?????????? ?????-????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? (1747) ????, ????? ????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ?

???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????

1751 ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? , ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????????? (1748?1796)? ???? ??????? ????? ???, ? ???? ??????? ?????? II-? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ??????????????? ????, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? [25] [26] ? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? , ??????? ??????????? ? ????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????-????????? ????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? 1783 ???????? ?????? II-? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????? , ???? ??????? ? ???????? ??????????? ????????????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????????? [27] ? 18-?? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????-???????? ????????????????????, ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ? ????????????? ?????? ???? , ?????????? ????????? ????????? II -? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????????????? ???? [28] ? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ?????????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? 1784 ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????? , ???? ? ???????? ?????? ? ????-????????? ???????? (1787-1791)? ?????? ? ??????? ( 1768-1774 ), ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????????

????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? II-?? ????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???, ??????????? ? ??? ????????????? ????????????? ????? [28] ? ???????? ?????????????, ? ???????????? ?????, ???? ????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? II-? ???????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? (??????? ??????????????? ?????? , ?????? , ???????? ) ? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? [29] ? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? 3000-???? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? II-? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? [30] . ????????????, ?????? II-? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????? 1795 ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ???????? , ??????? ?????????????? ? ????? ????? ??????? [31] ? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ??? 1765 ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? [32] ? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ≪???????? ? ????????≫, ? ?????????? ???????????, ?????? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????? II-? ???, ???????? ???????? ?? 3000-???? ? ???????? 2000-???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? 40000-???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? [33] [34] [? 2] :

????? ????? 60 ???? ???, ???????? ??? ? ???? ?????, ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? (1796)? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????. 1796 ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? 1797 ????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? , ? ??? ??????????` ????-???? , ?????? ????? ??? ??? [35] ? 1799 ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? [36] , ??? 1801 ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????-?????? ???????????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????. 1804-1813 ? 1826-1828 ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? [37] ?

  • Սուլթանաբադի ճակատամարտ
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  • Լենքորանի գրոհ
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  • Գանձակի գրավում
    ??????? ???????

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????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????????? 18-?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? , ??? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ????????????????????? ???????????? (15-17-?? ?????) ???????? , ???????????? , ??? ???? ????????????? , ???????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????, ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????-?????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? 19-?? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???, ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ? ????? [38] ? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????????, ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? [39] ?

????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????

19-?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????????, ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? , ??????????? , ?????????? , ????????? , ??????? , ?????????? , ?????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????????????? ???????????? ??. ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????, ?????????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ?????????, ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ????????????, ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????????????, ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? [40] ?

1603-1604 ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? , ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????. ?????????, ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? (1813) ? ???????????? (1828) ????????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????, ?????????????, ??????????, ???????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? [41] ? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???????? [42] ? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????, ???????? ?? ????????? [? 3] : 1864 ???????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? , ???? ???? ???? ? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? [43] ? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?

???? ??? ???? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ????, ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????-?????? ? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ( 1821-1823 ): ???? ??-??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? (1848-1896) ???????? ???????????, ?????????????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????, ? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ????????????????? ????????????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ? ???? ??????????? ????????????? , ??????????? , ?????????? ? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?? 1851 ???????? ≪??? ??-????????≫ ( ????. ? ??? ?????? ) ???????????, ??? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? [44] ?

?????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ??-??? ???? ????????????? ???? (1896) ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??-????? [45] ? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????. ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ??????????? ????? ?????????????, ????-????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????, ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????, ?? 1906 ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ? ??? ????????? ????????????

????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????

?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????, ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ≪??????????????? ????≫ ??? ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ????????????? ?????????????? 10.000 ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????????????? , ?????? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ≪?????????????≫ (1905-1911)? ???? 1906 ??????? ?????????? 30-?? ????????? ? ?????????????????, ???? ?????????????? ??? ?? ????????????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? 1907 ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????, ?????, ?????? ? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????????? 1905-1907 ???????????, ?????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ?

???????? ??-??? ???? ?????, ???????? ??? ???? (1907-1909), ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????? 1908 ??????? ??????? 23-?? ?? ?????????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? 1907 ???????? 1909 ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????, ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ????? ????????? ? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ??????????? ? ?????????????????? ????? ???? ? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????, ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? , ???????? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????, ???????????? ?????????????????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? 1911 ???????? ?????-???????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ??????

?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????????, ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ????? [46] ? ???????? ????????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?, ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??, ????????, ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????, ???????? ????????????? (1917) ? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????????????? 1918 ??????? ????????? 30-? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? 1921 ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????????, ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????, ????? ? ????????

??????? ???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

18-?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? (???????????????????)? 1639 ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?? 13 ???????????????????, ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ( ????. ? ??????? )? ??????????? ??????? ????? 4 ??????????????????? ?????? , ???????? ??? ??????? , ??????? ??? ???????, ??????? ??? ???????????, ???????? ????? ???????????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? 6 ?????????? (??????), ??????? (???????), ?????? (?????????), ????? (????????????), ??????? (???????????) ? ????????? (????????), ??? ?????????? 2 ???????????????? ???????, ?????????

????? ????????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ????????

????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????, ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????, ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????????, ??????, ???????? ?? 15 ????????? (?????????), ????? ?????? ???????? (??????????), ??????? (???-??????), ??????? (??????), ??????? (?????????), ???????? (??????????), ???????? (??????????), ?????????? (??????), ???????????? (??????), ???????? (??????????), ?????? , ?????? (?????????), ????????? (?????????), ????? (????????), ?????? (??????????), ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????, ????????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ≪????????????≫? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ≪???????????≫, ???????????? ≪?????????≫, ??? ??????????? ≪?????????≫? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ≪????????≫ (?????????? ??????? ???????), ≪???????????????≫ (????????), ≪????????-?????≫ (????????????), ≪?????????-???≫ (???????? ??????? ???????), ≪????????-???≫ (????????), ≪????-???≫ (??????? ???) ? ???? [40] ?

?????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ? ???????? ???? ???????, 1847 ????????? ??? 20 ??????????, 1886 ????????? 39, 1906 ????????? 18 [47] : ????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? 12 ??????- ????????? [48] ? ????? ????

?????? ??????? 1808 ? 1810 ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????

????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ( ?????? , ?????? , ?????? , ??????? , ??????????? , ?????? )? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ≪????????≫, ? ??????? ???????? ??, ?? ?????????? ????? ???????????

?????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ?????????????, ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????, 19-?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????? , ????????? , ?????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ? ????????? ??????? ????????????????????, ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????????, ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? [4] ?

???? 1857 1867 1875 1882 1890 1896 1901 1906 1913 1918 1925
?????? 4000 4400 5000 7654 6727 8124 9920 10290 10810 11290 11780

????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? 60 ????????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???? ??? ????, ????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????????? ????, ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????-?????? ? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????-????????? ?????? ????????? (1821-1823) ???????? ????????????, ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ? ??????????

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  1. ↑ ??????? ≪???????≫ ( ??????? ???? ) ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?.?.?. 6-?? ???, ??? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? (?.?.?. 6-4-?? ?????)? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????, ??? ?????????? ? ????????????? (226-642)? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????, ????? ??????????? , ??????? ???????????? ?? ≪???????≫ ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????????. ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? (????????? ????? ) ? ??????????? (????????? ?????? )?
  2. ↑ ??????????? ?????????? ??????? 18-?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? , ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? , ???????? , ????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ? ??????? , ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? , ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ? ????????
  3. ↑ 19-?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?? 33000 ??? ? 64000 ??????????? ?????, ??????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????????, ??????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????? 42000 ????? ? 2000 ????????? ????-????????? ?????????? (1828-1829) ???? ?? 75000 ????? ? 5000 ??????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ????????????, ???? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? 20-?? ???? ???????

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ Homa Katouzian, State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis, published by I. B. Tauris, 2006. pg 327: "In post-Islamic times, the mother-tongue of Iran's rulers was often Turkic, but Persian was almost invariably the cultural and administrative language."
  2. ↑ Homa Katouzian, Iranian history and politics, published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability."
  3. ↑ "Ardabil Becomes a Province: Center-Periphery Relations in Iran", H. E. Chehabi, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2 (May, 1997), 235; "Azeri Turkish was widely spoken at the two courts in addition to Persian, and Mozaffareddin Shah (r. 1896-1907) spoke Persian with an Azeri Turkish accent."
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 POPULATION STATISTICS: historical demography of all countries, their divisions and towns; IRAN historical demographical data of the whole country
  5. ↑ Encyclopædia Iranica: Iran II. Iranian History. Islamic Period (651?1979). The Qajar dynasty (1779?1924) ?????????? 2012-01-21 Wayback Machine .
    The Qajar were a Turkmen tribe who first settled during the Mongol period in the vicinity of Armenia and were among the seven Qezelb?? tribes that supported the Safavids.
  6. ↑ Persia: Webster’s Quotations, Facts and Phrases. Icon Group International, Inc. ? ICON Group International, Inc., 2008 ? ISBN 0-546-66019-3 . ≪Agha Muhammad Khan (1742 ? June 17, 1797) was the chief of a Turkic tribe, the Qajars. He became shah of Persia in 1794 and established the Qajar dynasty≫.
  7. ↑ Edmund Wright. A dictionary of world history. Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-920247-8 , 9780199202478. P.526 ≪Qajar ? A Turkic tribe in north-east Iran that produced the Qajar dynasty≫
  8. ↑ Cyril Glasse, Huston Smith. The new encyclopedia of Islam. Rowman Altamira, 2003. ISBN 0-7591-0190-6 , 9780759101906. P.367 ≪A dynasty in Persia from 1209?1343/ 1794?1924, they were the leaders of a Turkmen tribe≫
  9. ↑ Michael Axworthy. Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day , Penguin UK, 6 Nov. 2008. ISBN 0141903414
  10. ↑ Britannica: Qajar-dynasty "In 1779, following the death of Mo?ammad Kar?m Kh?n Zand, the Zand dynasty ruler of southern Iran, ?gh? Mo?ammad Kh?n (reigned 1779-97), a leader of the Turkmen Q?j?r tribe, set out to reunify Iran."
  11. ↑ Dr Parviz Kambin, A History of the Iranian Plateau: Rise and Fall of an Empire, Universe, 2011, p.36, online edition .
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 William Bayne Fisher. Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 344, ISBN 0-521-20094-6
  13. ↑ Timothy C. Dowling. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond , pp 728-730 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014 ISBN 1598849484
  14. ↑ Choueiri, Youssef M., A companion to the history of the Middle East, (Blackwell Ltd., 2005), 231,516.
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 Cyrus Ghani. Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power, I. B. Tauris, 2000, ISBN 1-86064-629-8 , p. 1
  16. ↑ Jamie Stokes and Anthony Gorman, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, 2010, p.707, Online Edition : "The Safavid and Qajar dynasties, rulers in Iran from 1501 to 1722 and from 1795 to 1925 respectively, were Turkic in origin."
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831?1896, I. B. Tauris, pp 2?3
  18. ↑ K. M. Rohrborn, Provinzen und Zentralgewalt Persiens im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1966, p. 4
  19. ↑ Encyclopedia Iranica. Ganja. Online Edition
  20. ↑ Keddie, Nikki R. (1971). "The Iranian Power Structure and Social Change 1800?1969: An Overview". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 2 (1): 3?20 [p. 4]. doi:10.1017/S0020743800000842.
  21. ↑ Lapidus, Ira Marvin (2002). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. p. 469. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3 .
  22. ↑ ????? ??????????? , ????? ??? ????????. ???? ????????????? ?????????? 2019-04-15 Wayback Machine
  23. ↑ ??????????? ?????????????????? ????????? , ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? 18-?? ???? 30-40-???? ???????????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????
  24. ↑ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253209153 .
  25. ↑ Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. 7 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521200950 .
  26. ↑ Perry, John (1991). " The Zand dynasty ". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 63?104. ISBN 9780521200950 .
  27. ↑ ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ?????????? 1795-1797 ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? (???????? ?????)
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598843361 .
  29. ↑ Donald Rayfield. Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia Reaktion Books, 15 feb. 2013 ISBN 1780230702 p 255
  30. ↑ Lang, David Marshall (1962), A Modern History of Georgia, p. 38. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  31. ↑ ?????? ????????, ???????? ??????? 1793-95 ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? (???????? ?????)
  32. ↑ ????? ??????? ????????, ????? ????? ??????????, ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????? , ????????? ????????? ??????????
  33. ↑ P.Sykes, A history of Persia, 3rd edition, Barnes and Noble 1969, Vol. 2, p. 293
  34. ↑ Malcolm, Sir John (1829), The History of Persia from the Most Early Period to the Present Time , pp. 189-191. London: John Murray.
  35. ↑ William Benton (1968). Banquet at Guildhall in the City of London, Tuesday, 15 October 1968, Celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the Encyclopædia Britannica and the 25th Anniversary of the Hon. William Benton as Its Chairman and Publisher . Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  36. ↑ Alekse? I. Miller. Imperial Rule Central European University Press, 2004 ISBN 9639241989 p 204
  37. ↑ ??????????????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????, ????-????????? 1826-1828 ??. ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????????
  38. ↑ Watson, William E. (2003). Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World . Greenwood. pp. 13?14. ISBN 0-275-97470-7 .
  39. ↑ Alexander Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii, Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812, translated and edited by Alexander Mikaberidze, vol. 1-2. West Chester, OH ? Nafziger Collection, 2002.
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 ?????? ????????? , ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? 2020-01-11 Wayback Machine
  41. ↑ Mansoori, Firooz (2008). "17". Studies in History, Language and Culture of Azerbaijan (in Persian). Tehran: Hazar-e Kerman. p. 245. ISBN 978-600-90271-1-8 .
  42. ↑ Bournoutian, George A. (1980). "The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following its Annexation to the Russian Empire: 1826-1832". The Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies.
  43. ↑ " The Iranian Armed Forces in Politics, Revolution and War: Part One ". Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  44. ↑ " D?R AL-FON?N ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  45. ↑ Amanat, Abbas (1997), Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896, Comparative studies on Muslim societies, I.B.Tauris, p. 10, ISBN 9781860640971
  46. ↑ Atabaki, Touraj (2006). Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1860649646 .
  47. ↑ Willem M. Floor, A Fiscal History of Iran in the Safavid and Qajar Periods, 1500-1925.
  48. ↑ Gwillim Law, Statoids website. " Provinces of Iran ". Retrieved 30 April 2006.
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