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20-?? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? [6] ? ??????, ????? ??????????????????? ? ???? ???????????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????????? [7] [8] [9] ? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? [1] [10] ? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????, ???? ??? ????????? ? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ? ????? ? ????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ?????? [11] ?

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?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ? ???? ??????????? 2018?? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????, ??? ????????? ?? 65 ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? 1000 ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????????? 64.4, ??? ???????????? ??????????? 4.4: ???????????? ? ???????????/??????????????? (??-??????????) ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? [20] ?

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1939 ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????????????, ??? ????? ????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ? ????????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ??????? ???????, ????????? ???? ????? ?????????????

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??????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ??????????????, ?? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ?? [65] ? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????, ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??????????????? ??? [66] ?

?????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????? ? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? [67] [68] ? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????????? ??? -? ?????????? ???????? ? [67] ? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ??????, ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ? ?????, ?? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????????? [69] [70] ? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???? ? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???-? ??????????? ?????????????? ( ?????????????? ) ??????????? [62] ? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????, ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????? [62] [71] ? ???????????, ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? [71] ? ?? ???? ????????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???? ????????????, ???? ??????????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? [71] ?

????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????????????? ??? ?????????????? (superbugs)? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????, ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????, ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????, ??? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? [72] ? ??????? NDM-1-? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?, ??? ????????????? ? ????????? ????-?????????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? [73] ? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???? ?, ?? NDM-1 ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????, ????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? [74] ? 2016 ??????? ?????? 26-?? ???-??? ???????????? ? E. coli ??????????????, ??? ?????? ? ????????? , ?????? ?????? ≪????????????? ?????? ???≫ ??????????? ???????? [75] [76] ?

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??? ????????????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? "???? ???????" ?????????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ? ???????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ?????, ?? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????? ???????
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The ICU Book ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????, ??? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??? [77] ? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????, ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ? [78] ? ????? ??? ????????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????????????? ???????, ????? ??? ≪???????????≫ ??????????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????? [21] [78] ? ?????????????? ???????????, ???????? ?? ?????????? ? ????????????, ????? 1950 ???????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? [60] [79] ? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????? ? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??? [79] ?

?????????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????, ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????, ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ???????? ? ????????????? (???????)? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????????, ????? ??????? ?? ???? [80] ? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?? ?????????, ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ???? ????????????? [81] [82] ?

????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????????????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? [78] ? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ???-??? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ?? ??? ????????????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ???????????, ??????????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? (FDA), ??????????????? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? [83] ? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ? ≪???????? ?????????????? ?????????????????≫ ?????????? ???????????????? [84] ? 2002 ???????? ??????????? ????? ? ???? ≪?????????????? ???????????? ???≫ ?????????? ??????? ????????????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? [85] ?

?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? 1970 ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????, ??? ??-? 2003 ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? [86] ? ??????, ?? ???? ???????????????????, ??? ????? ??? -?, ??? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ??? ??????????? ? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? (FDA) ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? [87] ? ??????, ????????????? ? ???????? ????????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????, ???? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????, ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????????, ?????? ??? ???????? ????????, ??? ????????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ???-??? ????? ???????? ?????????? (S.742 [88] and H.R. 2562 [89] ) ?????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????????, ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? [88] [89] ? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????????????????, ??? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????, ????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? [90] ?

?????? ???????????? ???????????????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ? [91] ?

???-??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? 1977 ???????? ????????????? ? ??? ??????????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? 2012 ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????, ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????????? [92] ?

??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????

????? 20-?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????, ????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????????, ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????, ?????????? ?? ????? 2000 ???? ???? [93] ? ?? ???? ???????? ???????????????????, ??? ?????? ??? ???????????? ? ??? ????????, ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? [94] [95] ?

??????????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????, ????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? [53] [96] [97] [98] [99] ?

?????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????????? 1880-???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? [53] ? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??????????? ? ????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????, ?? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? 1907 ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? , ??? ???? ??????? ? ?????????? [53] [96] [97] ?

??????????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ? ??? ????????? ???????, ???????????? ? 1907?? ????? ?????? ??????
????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????

????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? 1907?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? [98] [99] ? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?? 606-?? ???????????? ??? 1910?? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ≪606≫ ?????????? ???????????????? ????? [100] ? ????? 1910?? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????? ?????????? Hoechst ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? [100] ? 20-?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? 1908?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? [101] ? ??? ????? 1911 ???????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ?????????, 1912 ???????? ? 1913 ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? [102] ?

?????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? , ??????? ? 1932 ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? 1933 ???????? ?????????? IG Farben-? ????? ??????????????? [97] [99] [103] , ???? ????? 1939 ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? [104] ? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????, ????????????? ?????? ???, ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????????????? ???????????????? [103] ? ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????? ?? ????????? ????-?????? ?????? , ???? ?? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????????????? ??? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? [105] [106] ?

?????????? ? ????? ?????? ?????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ???? ????????????
?????????? ????????? ????????????????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????, 1928??

19-?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ????????????????? ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ????????????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ≪??? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???, ???????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????≫ [107] ?

1874 ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?, ?? Penicillum glaucum ????????????? ???? ????????????, ????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????, ????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? [108] ? 1876 ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? [109] ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ?? ????? ?? ????, ?? Bacillus anthracis -? ?? ????? Penicillum notatum ????????????? ?????????????

1895 ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? [110] ?

1897 ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ≪????????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ? ????????? ???????????≫ ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? [111] ? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??, ????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??, ?? ???????????? ? ????????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??, ?? E. coli -? ????????? ?, ????? ? ?????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ? Penicillum glaucum -? ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???, ?? ????????? ???????????? Penicillum glaucum -? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????????? [112] ? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? , ??? ???? ???????? ? ??????????????? [112] ? 1928 ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????, ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???, ??? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? Penicillum chrysogenum -? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????, ?? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? [113] ? ???????? ????????, ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ? 1928 ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ? ?? ????????? ??, ?? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????????????? ? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ??????, ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? [114] [115] ?

1942 ???????? ????? ????? , ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????? G-?, ?????? ????? 1945 ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? (????????????) ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????, 1942 ???????? [116] ? ?????????? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????, 1945 ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????????, ??? ????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????, ???????? ? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????? [117] ? 1945 ???????? ????? ? ??????, ????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???, ?? ??????????? ?? ??????????, ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? [118] ?

?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????, ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????? [119] ? 1939 ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????, ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????, ??? ??????????? ?? 20% ?????????? ? 80% ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? B. brevis -??? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? [119] ? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????, ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?? [120] ?

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??? ???????? ???????, ??? ????????? ? ?????? ???????, ?????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? [53] [121] [122] ? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???, 1877 ????????, ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????, ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ????? Bacillus anthracis -? ??? [121] [123] ? ?????????? 1942 ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? [53] [121] [124] ?

?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ? 1942 ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ?? ????????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ?????????????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????????????? ???????? [121] [124] ? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????????????, ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????, ???? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ??????????, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????????? ???????????????, ???????? ?? ????????????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ? ????????????????? ??????, ?? ?? [125] [126] ?

?????????? ??????? ????? ? anti + βιωτικ?? ( bi?tikos ) ???????? βιωτικ?? ( bi?tikos ) ????????? ? ?????? ????? ??????, ????????, ??????? [127] ? ???????? ? β?ωσι? ( bi?sis ) ?????, ??? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ???? [128] ? β?ωσι? ( bi?sis ) ???? ?? ????? ? β?ο? ( bios) ? ????? ????? [42] [129] ? ????????????? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ?ντ? ( anti ), "against" [130] + βακτ?ριον ( bakt?rion ) ???????, ??? ?????? βακτηρ?α ( bakt?ria ) ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????, ????? ???????????? [131] , ???? ?? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? [132] ?

????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ????????, ??????? ?? ????????? ????????????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ??????? [133] [134] ? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ???????????, ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????? ???, ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????????????? ????????? [135] ?

????????????? ? ??????? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ????????????? ? ????????????? ?, ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? [136] ? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????, ???????? ? ????????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? [136] [137] ? ?????????? ???

  • ?????????? ????????? ????? ???-???-??????????? [137]
  • ????-????????? ?????????????, ??????? ?? ??????????????? ? ??????????? [138] ?

??????????????????? ??????????, ??????? ? ??????, ????? ? ????? ≪???????????≫ ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ????? ??????????????????? ????? ????????? ??????? [139] ?

??????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????, ?????????????? ?????????, ????????? ? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????? ????? [140] ? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????????, ?????? ?????????????????, ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????????, ??? ????? ???????????? ???????????????? ? ????? ??????????????, ????????????? ?????????, ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? (??????????) ? ?????????????? [141] ?

??????? ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? ??????? ???????
???? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ????????? ???? ???

?????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????, ? ????????????? ??????????????, ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ??? ???????? ??????????? [142] ? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ??????, ???????? ?? ??????????? ? ????? ?? ????????? ????, ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????? [142] [143] ? ?????? ????? ??? -? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ???, ????? ??? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ?, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ????????????? [143] ? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ≪???≫ ?????????????? ??????, ?????????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????????? (????????????) ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???, ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ????? ??? ?, ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ≪?????????? ???????????≫ ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???, ????? ???? ? ??????????? [142] ? ?????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ? [142] [144] ?

???????????? ?????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????? [145] [146] ? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????-?????? (?????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????) ??? ????????? ?????????????? ? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????? [133] [147] ? ??????????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? , ??????????? , ???????????? ? ???????????? , ????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ???????????? [145] [148] [149] ? ???? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????????????? (????????????), ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?? in vitro ????????????? ?????????????? [150] [151] [152] ? ??????????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ???????, ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? , ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? [148] ? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? [147] ?

??? ?????????????? ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ? ????????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ???????????, ????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ???????????????? [153] ? ????????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?, ?? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ? ? ?????????????? ?? ????-????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????, ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? 2-?? ? 3-?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??? ????-????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??? [154] [155] ? ??? 51-?? ??? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? 2017?? ?????? ????????? ??????????????, ??? ????? ????? ?????????????, ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? 1-3-?? ????????? [156] ? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????????????????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ??????, ??? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?, ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ???? [156] [157] ? ????-????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????????????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????? [156] ?

?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????????? (?????????????????) ? ????????????, ??????????? (??????????????????) [158] ? ???????????????????? ???????????? ? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????, ????????? ? C. difficile -? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? [158] ? ??? ????????????-???????? ????????????? ?????????????, ?????? ??? ??????????-?????????? ? ??????????-?????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ????? [158] ?

  • ?????????? / ?????????? (CXA-201; CXA-101/tazobactam): ????????????/β-????????? ????????????? ????????????? Pseudomonas -? ???????? (?????????? ? ???????? ???????)? FDA-? ???????? ? 2014?? ?????????? 19-???
  • ?????????? / ????????? (ceftazidime/NXL104): ????????????/β-????????? ????????????? ????????????? Pseudomonas -? ???????? (?????????? ? ???????? ???????)? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? 3-?? ????????
  • ?????????? /????????? (CPT-avibactam; ceftaroline/NXL104): ????????????/β-????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? Staphylococcus aureus-? ??? ??????? ????? (?????????? ? ???????? ???????)?
  • ???????? /MK-7655: ?????????? / β-????????? ????????????? ????????????? (?????? ? ???????? ???????)? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? 2-?? ????????
  • ?????????? (ACHN-490): ????????????? ( ?????????? ??????? ????????? )? ????????? ? ??? FDA-? ??? ????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????
  • ??????????? (TP-434): ???????? ??????????????? ????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ? Tetraphase-? ??????, 2-?? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ?? [159] ?
  • ?????????? (PMX-30063): ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ? (????????? ? ???? ???????)? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? 2-?? ????????

Streptomyces -? ??????????????????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????????????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? Staphylococcus aureus -? ? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????? ? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????, ???????? ?? ???????????????, ??????? Novacta Biosystems-?, ????? Clostridium difficile ????????? ??????? ????? b-???? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? NVB302 ????????????, ??? ??????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? [160] ?

??? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? [155] ? ???-??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? (ADAPT) ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????????? ????????????? FDA-? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ????? ? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ??????????, ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????????? FDA-? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ≪????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????≫ [161] ? The Pew Charitable Trusts-? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ≪ADAPT ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????, ??? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ? ????????? FDA-? ???? ????????????? ???????? ?????/????????????? ?????????? ????????????≫ [162] ?

??? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ??????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  • Davies J, Davies D (2010 ?? ?????????). ≪Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance≫ . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews . 74 (3): 417?33. doi : 10.1128/MMBR.00016-10 . PMC   2937522 . PMID   20805405 .
  • ≪Antibiotics: MedlinePlus≫ . NIH.gov . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 19-?? .
  • ≪WHO's first global report on antibiotic resistance reveals serious, worldwide threat to public health≫ . WHO .
  • Pugh R, Grant C, Cooke RP, Dempsey G (2015 ?? ???????). ≪Short-course versus prolonged-course antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill adults≫ . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8): CD007577. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD007577.pub3 . PMID   26301604 .
  • Giedraitien? A, Vitkauskien? A, Naginien? R, Pavilonis A (2011 ?? ???????? 1). ≪Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of clinically important bacteria≫. Medicina . 47 (3): 137?46. PMID   21822035 .

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 ≪Antibiotics≫ . NHS. 2014 ?? ??????? 5 . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ???????? 17-?? .
  2. ↑ ≪Factsheet for experts≫ . European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2014 ?? ?????????? 21-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????????? 21-?? .
  3. ↑ For example, metronidazole : ≪Metronidazole≫ . The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ??????? 31-?? .
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Chemical Analysis of Antibiotic Residues in Food (PDF) . John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2012. ???? 1?60. ISBN   978-1449614591 .
  5. ↑ ≪General Background: Antibiotic Agents≫ . Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2014 ?? ?????????? 14-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????????? 21-?? .
  6. ↑ Gualerzi CO, Brandi L, Fabbretti A, Pon CL (2013 ?? ?????????? 4). Antibiotics: Targets, Mechanisms and Resistance . John Wiley & Sons. ?? 1. ISBN   978-3527333059 .
  7. ↑ ≪Antibiotics being incorrectly prescribed in Australian nursing homes, prompting superbug fears≫ . ABC Australia . 2016 ?? ??????? 10 . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 12-?? .
  8. ↑ ≪UK study warns of threat of antibiotics overuse, lack of new drugs≫ . CCTV America . 2016 ?? ?????? 19 . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 12-?? .
  9. ↑ ≪Superbugs could kill more people than cancer, report warns≫ . CBS News. 2016 ?? ?????? 19 . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 12-?? .
  10. ↑ Brooks M (2015 ?? ????????? 16). ≪Public Confused About Antibiotic Resistance, WHO Says≫ . Medscape Multispeciality . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ????????? 21-?? .
  11. ↑ Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance (PDF) . The World Health Organization. 2014 ?? ?????. ISBN   978-9241564748 . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 13-?? .
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Antibiotics Simplified . Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2011. ???? 15?17. ISBN   978-1449614591 .
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS (2011 ?? ???????). ≪General principles of antimicrobial therapy≫ . Mayo Clinic Proceedings . 86 (2): 156?67. doi : 10.4065/mcp.2010.0639 . PMC   3031442 . PMID   21282489 .
  14. ↑ Rollins KE, Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN (2016 ?? ?????????). ≪Antibiotics Versus Appendicectomy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials≫. World Journal of Surgery . 40 (10): 2305?18. doi : 10.1007/s00268-016-3561-7 . PMID   27199000 .
  15. ↑ Flowers CR, Seidenfeld J, Bow EJ, Karten C, Gleason C, Hawley DK, Kuderer NM, Langston AA, Marr KA, Rolston KV, Ramsey SD (2013 ?? ???????). ≪Antimicrobial prophylaxis and outpatient management of fever and neutropenia in adults treated for malignancy: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline≫. Journal of Clinical Oncology . 31 (6): 794?810. doi : 10.1200/JCO.2012.45.8661 . PMID   23319691 .
  16. ↑ Bow EJ (2013 ?? ??????). ≪Infection in neutropenic patients with cancer≫. Critical Care Clinics . 29 (3): 411?41. doi : 10.1016/j.ccc.2013.03.002 . PMID   23830647 .
  17. ↑ Pangilinan R, Tice A, Tillotson G (2009 ?? ?????????). ≪Topical antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections: review of the literature≫. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy . 7 (8): 957?65. doi : 10.1586/eri.09.74 . PMID   19803705 .
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Lipsky BA, Hoey C (2009 ?? ????????). ≪Topical antimicrobial therapy for treating chronic wounds≫. Clinical Infectious Diseases . 49 (10): 1541?9. doi : 10.1086/644732 . PMID   19842981 .
  19. ↑ Heal CF, Banks JL, Lepper PD, Kontopantelis E, van Driel ML (2016 ?? ????????). ≪Topical antibiotics for preventing surgical site infection in wounds healing by primary intention≫ (PDF) . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 11 (11): CD011426. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD011426.pub2 . PMID   27819748 .
  20. ↑ ≪UK antibiotic consumption twice that of the Netherlands, WHO report finds≫ . Pharmaceutical Journal. 2018 ?? ????????? 14. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2018 ?? ?????????? 22-?? . ??????? ? 2018 ?? ?????????? 22-?? .
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 Slama TG, Amin A, Brunton SA, File TM, Milkovich G, Rodvold KA, Sahm DF, Varon J, Weiland D (2005 ?? ??????). ≪A clinician's guide to the appropriate and accurate use of antibiotics: the Council for Appropriate and Rational Antibiotic Therapy (CARAT) criteria≫. The American Journal of Medicine . 118 Suppl 7A (7): 1S?6S. doi : 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.05.007 . PMID   15993671 .
  22. ↑ ≪Antibiotics and Selective Toxicity ? Boundless Open Textbook≫ . Boundless . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2017 ?? ??????? 28-?? . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 12-?? .
  23. ↑ ≪Antibiotics ? Side effects≫ . NHS Choices . National Health Service (NHS), UK. 2014 ?? ?????? 6 . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  24. ↑ ≪Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea ? All you should know≫ . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2015 ?? ?????? 25-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????????? 28-?? .
  25. ↑ Pirotta MV, Garland SM (2006 ?? ?????????). ≪Genital Candida species detected in samples from women in Melbourne, Australia, before and after treatment with antibiotics≫ . Journal of Clinical Microbiology . 44 (9): 3213?7. doi : 10.1128/JCM.00218-06 . PMC   1594690 . PMID   16954250 .
  26. ↑ Lewis T, Cook J (2014 ?? ???????? 1). ≪Fluoroquinolones and tendinopathy: a guide for athletes and sports clinicians and a systematic review of the literature≫ . Journal of Athletic Training . 49 (3): 422?7. doi : 10.4085/1062-6050-49.2.09 . PMC   4080593 . PMID   24762232 .
  27. ↑ Ray K (2012 ?? ????????). ≪Gut microbiota: adding weight to the microbiota's role in obesity--exposure to antibiotics early in life can lead to increased adiposity≫. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology . 8 (11): 623. doi : 10.1038/nrendo.2012.173 . PMID   22965166 .
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Jess T (2014 ?? ?????????). ≪Microbiota, antibiotics, and obesity≫. The New England Journal of Medicine . 371 (26): 2526?8. doi : 10.1056/NEJMcibr1409799 . PMID   25539109 .
  29. ↑ Cho I, Yamanishi S, Cox L, Methe BA, Zavadil J, Li K, Gao Z, Mahana D, Raju K, Teitler I, Li H, Alekseyenko AV, Blaser MJ (2012 ?? ???????). ≪Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity≫ . Nature . 488 (7413): 621?6. doi : 10.1038/nature11400 . PMC   3553221 . PMID   22914093 .
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  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 33,2 33,3 Anderson KC, Schwartz MD, Lieu SO (2013 ?? ???????). ≪Antibiotics and OC effectiveness≫. Jaapa . 26 (1): 11. doi : 10.1097/01720610-201301000-00002 . PMID   23355994 .
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  36. ↑ Hassan T (1987 ?? ????). ≪Pharmacologic considerations for patients taking oral contraceptives≫. Connecticut Dental Student Journal . 7 : 7?8. PMID   3155374 .
  37. ↑ Orme ML, Back DJ (1990 ?? ?????????). ≪Factors affecting the enterohepatic circulation of oral contraceptive steroids≫ . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology . 163 (6 Pt 2): 2146?52. doi : 10.1016/0002-9378(90)90555-L . PMID   2256523 . ?????????? ?????????? 2010 ?? ????????? 18-?? . ??????? ? 2019 ?? ????? 17-?? . ?????????? ????? ???? <ref> ???. ≪pmid2256523≫ ????????? ????????? ? ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???????????????:
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  47. ↑ Rhee KY, Gardiner DF (2004 ?? ?????????). ≪Clinical relevance of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal activity in the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections≫. Clinical Infectious Diseases . 39 (5): 755?6. doi : 10.1086/422881 . PMID   15356797 .
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  52. ↑ ≪antagonism≫ . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 25-?? .
  53. ↑ 53,0 53,1 53,2 53,3 53,4 53,5 Calderon CB, Sabundayo BP (2007). Antimicrobial Classifications: Drugs for Bugs. In Schwalbe R, Steele-Moore L, Goodwin AC. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocols. CRC Press. Taylor & Frances group. 978-0-8247-4100-6
  54. ↑ Finberg RW, Moellering RC, Tally FP, Craig WA, Pankey GA, Dellinger EP, West MA, Joshi M, Linden PK, Rolston KV, Rotschafer JC, Rybak MJ (2004 ?? ????????). ≪The importance of bactericidal drugs: future directions in infectious disease≫. Clinical Infectious Diseases . 39 (9): 1314?20. doi : 10.1086/425009 . PMID   15494908 .
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  57. ↑ 57,0 57,1 von Nussbaum F, Brands M, Hinzen B, Weigand S, Habich D (2006 ?? ???????). ≪Antibacterial natural products in medicinal chemistry--exodus or revival?≫. Angewandte Chemie . 45 (31): 5072?129. doi : 10.1002/anie.200600350 . PMID   16881035 .
  58. ↑ Dougherty TJ, Pucci MJ (2011). Antibiotic Discovery and Development . Springer. ?? 800. ISBN   978-1461414001 .
  59. ↑ Levy SB (1994 ?? ?????????). ≪Balancing the drug-resistance equation≫. Trends in Microbiology . 2 (10): 341?2. doi : 10.1016/0966-842X(94)90607-6 . PMID   7850197 .
  60. ↑ 60,0 60,1 Pearson, Carol (2007 ?? ???????? 28). ≪Antibiotic Resistance Fast-Growing Problem Worldwide≫ . Voice of America. ?????????? ?????????? 2008 ?? ?????????? 2-?? . ??????? ? 2008 ?? ?????????? 29-?? .
  61. ↑ Topp E, Chapman R, Devers-Lamrani M, Hartmann A, Marti R, Martin-Laurent F, Sabourin L, Scott A, Sumarah M (2013). ≪Accelerated Biodegradation of Veterinary Antibiotics in Agricultural Soil following Long-Term Exposure, and Isolation of a Sulfamethazine-degrading sp≫ . Journal of Environmental Quality . 42 (1): 173?8. doi : 10.2134/jeq2012.0162 . PMID   23673752 . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2013 ?? ?????????? 12-?? . ??????? ? 2019 ?? ???????? 30-?? .
  62. ↑ 62,0 62,1 62,2 Witte W (2004 ?? ?????????). ≪International dissemination of antibiotic resistant strains of bacterial pathogens≫. Infection, Genetics and Evolution . 4 (3): 187?91. doi : 10.1016/j.meegid.2003.12.005 . PMID   15450197 .
  63. ↑ Dyer, Betsey Dexter (2003). ≪Chapter 9, Pathogens≫ . A Field Guide To Bacteria . Cornell University Press. ISBN   978-0801488542 .
  64. ↑ Andersson DI (2006 ?? ?????????). ≪The biological cost of mutational antibiotic resistance: any practical conclusions?≫. Current Opinion in Microbiology . 9 (5): 461?5. doi : 10.1016/j.mib.2006.07.002 . PMID   16890008 .
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