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???? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? (2 ????????) ??????? ?????????? 2001 ??????? ?????????? 11-?? (????????? ?????? ? ????? 9/11)

????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?, ??? ????????? ????????? ? ????????? ???????? ???????????, ????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ???????????????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? (?????? ???????? ≪????????≫ ?????????? 1944?1945 ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ???????), ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? (??????, ??????, ?????????? 11-? ????????????? 2001 ?.) ???? ???, ????????? ??????, ??? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????, ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????, ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? [1] ?

??????? 1945-?? ????? 1980 ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????? [2] ,1981 ???????? ????? 2015 ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????????????? ????? ??? 40 ?????????? ???? ? ??????? 4814 ???????? ?????????????? [3] , ???????? ????? ??? 45000 ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? 1980-????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ???? 1990-????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? 2001-?? ????? 2003 ??????? [4] ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? 2003-?? ????? 2015 ??????? [3] ?

????????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????, ??? ????? ??????????? ????????????? [5] ???? ?? ????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????, ? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? 1981-2006?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????????????? ????? 4%-?, ?????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? 32%-?? ??? ????????????? 90 ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???????????? , ??????? , ?????????? , ??????????? , ??????????? ? ??? ????????? [6] ? ????????? ??????, 2015 ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????????????, ??????????? ? ??????? [7] ?

????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? (?. ?????????? ??????) ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? [8] ????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? [9] , ???????????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????????, ????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?, ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ????????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????? [5] ?

????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ????? 2003 ???????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????, ????????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? [10] ? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?, ?? ??????? 2000-2004 ??????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????????? [11] ?

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????????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ???????? ?????????????, ??? ≪?????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????≫? ?????????? ???????? [12] ? ? ???????? ????????????, ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?? ????? ? ????????? ?????????? ????????, ? ?????????? ?, ?? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ?? ????? ≪????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????≫ ???-?? ≪??????≫ ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ?? ??????????????? ??????????????? ? [13] ? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?, ?? ???? ?????????????????? ≪????????≫ ??? ≪??????????????≫ ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?, ??? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ≪???????????????≫ ? ≪????????? ? ??????????? ????????????≫ [14] ?

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2000 ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? [15]

??? ????? ? ≪???????????????≫ ??????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ≪???? ????????????????, ????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??, ?? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??? ? ?????≫:??? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ≪???????????????≫ ??? ????? ????? ?????????????, ???????? ?? ??? ????????????? ????? ??? ≪??????? ?????????? ???????≫ [16] [17] , ????????????? ????? ?????? ≪??????????????? ?????????????≫ ???, ????? ????????? ????????????????? ≪????? ???≫ ??, ??? ?????????? ? ?? ???? ???, ???? ?? ≪?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?≫ [16] ?

??????????? ????????? ?? ??? ≪???????? ???≫ ??????????????????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????????, ???? ????? ≪???????? ????≫ ??????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? (??????? ????? ?????????? ???????) ? ≪??????????????? ?????? ?????????≫ (??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????, ???????? ???? ????????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????), ????? ????????? ????????? ??, ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ??????????? ???????????, ?? ?? ?????????, ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????????????? [18] ?

????????? ????? ???? ??, ?? ???? ?, ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?. ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ??????? (?????? ???????) [19] , ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? [17] [20] ?

??????? ??? ????????? (???? ?????????) ?????? ?, ?? ???????? ? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ≪??????????????? ??????≫ ????????????? ???, ??? ????????? ?????????? ??

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≪????????? ?????????≫ ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????, ???? ≪???????? ??????????????≫ ??????? ???????????? ??????? ? ??????? 1940 ????????, ??? ≪New York Times≫ ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? [21] ? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ≪???????? ??????????????≫ [22] :1945 ???????? The Times of London -? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ≪????????-?????≫ [23] , ? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????, ??? ? ??????? ????????? ?? ≪????? ??????????????? ????????? ≪????????-???????????≫ [24] ?

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???????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ≪????????≫ (????? ??????????? ? ????? ≪??????????? ?????????????≫), ??? ???????? ???????????? ≪?????≫ (pl. shuhada , ?????????? '???'≫ ? ????????? ??????????? ? ????? ≪???????≫)? ???????? ??? ?, ?? ?????????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ???? ( ????? ???? ???????)? ≪????????????????≫ ??????? ????? ?? ????????????, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ≪????????≫ / ≪????????????? ?????????????≫ ?????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????????????? ? ?????? , ??-?????? ??????????? ??????????, ????? ? ??? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????? [25] ?

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???? ????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? Fox News Channel ? ? ? New York Post -? (????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? News Corporation-?? ? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??? ????????) [26] [27] ?

?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ≪????????? ?????????≫ ??????? ?????? ???????, ?? ?????????????????????? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ????????????????? ???, ????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ???? [28] ? Fox News-? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??, ?? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???? ? ????????? ??? ???????, ?? ???-?? ??? ? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? CNN-? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??, ?? ≪????????? ?????????≫ ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????, ?? ≪?????????-????????? ????? ? ????????? ????, ?? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ???≫ [25] [29] [30] ?

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≪?????????????? ???????????≫ ???????? ? 2002 ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ≪???????? ???????? ???????≫ ???????? [31] [32] ?

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???????????? ????????? ≪??????????? ??????????≫ ??????? (????. Opferanschlag ) ?????????? ? 2012 ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? [33] ? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????

???????????, ???? 1980?. [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????? ?, ?? ?.?. ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????????????? [34] ? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ????????????? ( ?????????? ) ?????? 300 ????? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????, ??????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? [35] , ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????????, ???????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????, ? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????

?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????, ??? 1386 ???????? ????????? ? ???? ??????? ??????????????

???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???? ? ??????? 1905 ??????? ??????? 14-?? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ? ??????? ?????, ? ???????????? (????? ???????) ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????. ≪?? ????????? ????? ?????, ? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????≫, ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ????, ??? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???? ????????, ? ??? ??????? ????-???? ? ????, ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????????????? [36] ?

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1780 ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????????????

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17-?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????, ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? 1661 ????????, ????? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ??????????????? [37] ? ??????????????, ?????? ???????, ???????? ?, ?????? ? ???? ??????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? [38] ?

1831 ??????? ???????? 5-?? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????????????, ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ??????? ????, ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? 31 ?????????? 28-??, ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????????

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?????? ?????? ????????-????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? [39] ? 1860-????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? 20 ????? ????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??, ? ?? ??? ???????? ??, ??? ?????? ??? ????????? II?? 1881 ???????? [40] ? 1904 ???????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????????-????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? [41] ?

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?????? ????????-????????? ??????? ? 24 ????? ?????-????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????

??????? ????????????? (1911?. ??????????????) ? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ≪???????? ?????? ????????≫ ( ??????? ? 敢死隊 ) ??? ≪????????????? ????????≫ [42] [43] ????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ???-????????? ????????? ????????

??????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ? ≪???????? ??????≫ ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????, ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???-???? ? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ≪???????? ??????≫ ????????? ?????? ????. ≪??? ???? ???? ? ???????, ?????? ??? ??????? ???????≫ [44] ? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????, ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???????????????????? ??? ?????????? [45] ?

????????????? 72 ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? [46] ?

???????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ? ????????? ≪???????? ?????? ????????≫ ??????????????? ??????????? ? ????????? ????????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? [47] [48] ? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? [49] [50] ?

?????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ? ?????? 20 ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????, ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? [51] ? ??? ???????????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ? ???? ???? ????? ??? [52] , ? ???????????? ?????????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? [53] [54] [55] [56] , ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ? [57] [58] ?

1946?1950 ??. ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ≪???????? ?????? ????????≫? ?????????? ????? ???????????????????? ?????, ????? ??????? [59] ? 1989?. ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ≪???????? ?????? ????????≫? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? [60]

????????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? Mitsubishi Zero-? ??????????????? ?????????? USS Missouri BB-63, 11 ??????, 1945 ?.

???????? ? ?????????????? ??????? ???, ??? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ???, ???????????? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ? ??? 3000 ????????? ? ??? 50 ??? ? ????????? [61] ?

????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ??? ?????? ?????, ???????? ????????? USS White Plains (CVE-66) ????

????? ??? ????????? ???????, ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????, ??? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????, ???? ?? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??????????????, ????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ????????????? [62] ?

???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ≪??????????≫ ??????????? ? ≪?????????????????? ????????????????≫ (≪Selbstopfereinsatz≫) ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ≪????????? ?????????????????≫ ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? 1945 ??????? ?????? 17-20-?, ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????????, ≪???????????≫ ?????? ??, ?? ?????? ????????? ? 17 ???????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?, ?? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?, ?? ≪??????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ?????≫? ????????????????? ????????????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? [63] ?

??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? 1943 ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? , ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? [64] ?

???????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? ???????? ????????

??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????? [65] [66] ?

???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? [67] , ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? [68] ? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???-???? ????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????? [69] ?

?????? ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? ?????? ???????

???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????, ???, 1956 ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? [70] ??? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????

?????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1968 ??????? ????? 21-??, ? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? PLO-? ??????? ?????????????, ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???, ??? ??????? ?? PLO-? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???-? ?????????????, ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? [71] ? ??? ?????????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? [72] ?

???-1980 ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????,
1982-?? ????? 2015-? ?????? [73]
????? ???????????? ???????
??????
????????/?????? ???????????? 2547 22877
????????? ?????? [74] 424 4949
??-????? (???????????) 20 3391
??????? (?????????) 665 2925
??-?????? ??????? 121 1541
????? ??????
?????????? ?????? 		82 961
??-????? 64 726
????? 78 511
??-??????
???????? ?????????? 		23 354
????? ??-??????
(????) 		28 319
????????? ?????
???????? 		50 225
??-?????? ????????????'
??????? 		40 107
??????? (????????) 7 92
????? ????
??-?????? 		10 84
???????? ????????????? ?????????????? 10 32
????????? 7 28
Suicide attacks by location,
1982 to mid-2015 [75]
????? ???????????? ???????
??????
???? 1938 20084
???????? 490 6287
????????? 1059 4748
??? 4 2997
????? 172 2058
??? ????? 115 1584
??????? 103 1347
????? 87 1128
??????? 66 1007
?????? 91 829
????????? 86 782
??????? 113 721
????? 24 281
????????? 10 252
??????? 21 246
????? 2 213
???? 8 160
????? 29 155
????????? 15 123
??????? 29 115
??????? ?????????????? 5 78
??????????? ?????? 59 67
????? ?????? 99 674

??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

≪????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????≫ ????????-????????????? ???????? ≪??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????????≫ [76] , ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ? ??????? 1983 ????????, ??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ≪??????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????≫?

??????????? ????????-???????????????? ????????? ? ????? ≪????????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????? ?? ?????????????≫ [77] ?

??? ???????????? ??? ?? ?????????, ????????, 1998 ??????? ???????? 7-? ??-??????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????

??? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (????) ???????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? 1987 ??????? ???????? [78] }} [79] , ? ????? ≪?? ????≫ ?????????????? 1987-?? ????? 2009 ??????? ??????? ? 83 ???????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ? 981 ???? [80] , ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? [81] [82] [83] , ? ??? ??????? ???????, ???????? ???????????? [84] [85] [86] [87] ?

??-?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? 1990-???????? ??????? [88] , ? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????????? 1989 ???????? [89] ?

9/11 ? ???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

2000 ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ???? (????? ????????) ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????? ? ?????, ?? ≪???????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ? ??? ??????????, ???, ? ?????, ????????? ??????? ? ???≫?

??????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? 1980-???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ????? 81 ??????????????? ????????? 2001-?? ????? 460 2005-?? [90] ?

??????? 1995 ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????

???????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ????????, ???????? ?? ?????? , ????????? ??????, ??-?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? [91] ? ?????????? ?????? ????????-????????? ???? ? ?????-? ?????? 1994 ?????????

?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????????????? ??????? ????????-???????? ??? ? ????????, 2011 ?.

?????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??, ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? [92] ? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? (PKK) ?????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ???????????????? [93] ?

??? ????????-??????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ???? 2002 ??????? ?????????, ??????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????

1980-???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ? ?????? ? ?????????????, ????? 2008 ???????? ???????? ? 35 ??? ???????? ?????????, ??? 2014 ????????? 15 ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ? ????????????? ?????? (CPOST) ??????????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? [94] ?

  • ?????????? 1985 ??????? ?????? 9-?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????-?????????? ????????????? (SSNP) ?????, ????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ???????, ??? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ?, ?? ?? ???? ? ?????? ??? ????????-?????????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ≪?????? ??????????≫ [95] ?
  • ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????????????? Black Wing Tigers-?, ??????????? ? 330 ???????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? 1987 ????????, ??? 2009 ???????? ??????????
  • 1991 ??????? ?????? 21-?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ??????????? 30%-? ??????????? ?? ?????? [96] ?
  • ????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????
  • ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????-????????? 2002 ??????? ???????? 28-??, ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? [97] :221 :
  • 2010 ??????? ????? 29-?? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????, ???? ????????? ?????? ? ??????? 38 ???? ? ?????????? ????? ??? 60 ?????
  • ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? [98] ?
  • 2013 ??????? ?????????? 29-?? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? 17 ?????? [99] ?
  • 2016 ??????? ?????????? 23-?? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????????-????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? [100] ?

1981?.-?? ? 2008?.-? ???????? ????????-???????????? ??? ??? ?????????????????? ?????? ?. ?'?????? ?????? ????? ? ????, ?? ???-???????????? ??????????? 20-? ??? ??, ????????? ??????? ????? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????????????????? [101] ?

?????????? ????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????? ???????????, ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????????????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? [102] ? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????????? ?, ????????, ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????, ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? [103] ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ??, ????? ? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????????, ???????? ??? ≪???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????, ????????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ???≫ [104] Some earlier literature suggested that women tend to be motivated by personal trauma rather than by ideological reasons. [104] : ??? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ? ????? ??, ?? ??? ?????????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????, ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????? ??? [105] ?

?????? ????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ? ???????????????

??-????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? 11-? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ?? ????? ???????? American Airlines 11 ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???, ?????????? ??? ???????????? ????????-??????????? ?, ??? ????????????? ???????????? ? ????? ??? 1600 ?????? ?????:

?????????? 11-? ??-????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? 70%-? ?????? ? ??????????, 20%-?? ????????????? ?????????? 11-? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ??? ≪???????????≫ ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???, ????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ? ????? ?????????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??-???????? ? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ?????????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ????? ????? (???????? ????, ????? ??? ??-????, ?????? ??-?????) ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? , ???? ?????? [106] ?

????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

2001 ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ?????????

?????? 2003?2004 ??????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??-????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??? ??-??????? ??????? ??????; ?? ?????? ???????????????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? 18-?? 22 ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????-? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??-???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????????????? ????????????????? (??????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????? 2003?. ???????? ? ???????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????? ??-???????? ??? ??????? ? 2003 ??????? ???????????, ??? ???? ??-????????? ???? ????? 2004 ??????? ?????????? 13-??)? ? ???????? ?????-? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? (2004?. ????? 22) ? ????? ???? ??-???????? (2004?. ?????? 17) ????????????????, ???? ??-???????? ???????? ????? ??-????????? ? ????? ??-???????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ??????? (31 ????????, 2004 ?.): 2004 ??????? ??????????? ?????-? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? [106] ?

2008 ??????? ???????? 15-?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? (??? ??? ???? ??????? ? 2003 ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????)? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????????????, ?????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? 2008 ??????? ???????? 4-?? ????? ???????? (????????? ???????, ???? ??????), ????? ?????? ??-????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???, ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? 17 ?????????? 2003?. ????? 15-?? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ???? (2003?. ????? 5-?? ?????? ??-???????? ??????) ? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ? 2003 ??????? ????? 7, ?????????, ????? ??-????????, ???? ????????, ??????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? 2003 ??????? ?????? 17-18-? ????????? ? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ??? ?????-? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????????, ????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????, ?? ?? ? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????, ???????? ?????-? ???-??? ??-????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??-??????? ???????????????? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????-? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????, ?? ?????, ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????????? [106] [107] ?

???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????? ??, ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ≪?? ???????≫, ??? ???????? ?? ≪????????? ????????, ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ?????≫ [108] ?

????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ? ???????? ≪????????? ??????????≫ ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ? ????????????? ? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????? APC: ????????? ≪????????? ????????????≫ ??? ?????????? ????????-????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????

2017 ???????? The Guardian -? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ????????? ? 2015 ??????? ??????????? ????? 2016 ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ???????? 923 ????????????? ? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? [109] ? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?, ?? ????-? ≪???????????????????? ? ????????????? ????????≫? ????????????? ????????????? ??? ???? (84%) ??????? ? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??? 80%-? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????

???????? ? ??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????-????????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????-????????? ?? ????? ????????????, ????????? ????? ???????????? ? ?????, ?????, ??????????, ???????? ?? ???????????? ???? ?? ????? ????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????, ??? ????????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????, ??????? ??? ? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?????, ≪????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ??? ???? ???????????, ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????≫?

???????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????????????, ????? ????????? (??? ?????????, ????? ????????????) ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????????????? (????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??, ?? ??) [110] [111] ? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???. ???????????? ≪?????????? ??????????????≫ (????????, ??? ???????????? ? 1970-?????????); ???????????? ?????????????, ??????????? ???????????????????, ????????? ?????? ? ????????????????? ???? ????????????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? 650 ?? ???????????? (400 ????) ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ? ??????????? [112] [113] ? ??????? ????????? ? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? 2005 ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? [112] ?

??? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ?????? ? 2015 ??????? ???????????, ???? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ????????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ≪??????????≫ ??, ? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????????

≪????????????? ?????????? ??????????????≫ ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? [114] ? ???-??? ?????????? 11-?? ???? ???????????? ??? ≪????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ? ??? ????????????? ??????????????, ??????????????? ? ????????????? ?????????, ????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????????????≫ [114] ?

??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? 2003?

?????? ??????????????????? ????, ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????, ????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? 1980-???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????????, ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ? ????????? ???????????? ????????? [115] ?

????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? (LTTE) ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????? ??? ? 2000 ???????? ???????? ? (????? ???????? ??????) ≪????????????? ???????????????? ? ????? ??????????? ?????????????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????????????≫? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? 26 ???? ? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????????, ?? ???? ??????????? ? ????? 100,000 ?????????? ? ???????????? ?????? ?????? (??? ???? ??????????) [116] ? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???-????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????????????? [16] ? ??????????????, ??? ???????? 2009?. ?? ?? ≪????≫-?, ??? LTTE-? ?????????? ???????????? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????????????

????? ????? ? ??????, ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ≪????????≫ ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ≪?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????≫ (≪???-? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????≫, ???????? ? BBC-? [117] [118] ? ?????????????? ???????? 1996 ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????? ?????-? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????????? (1994-?? 1997 ??????????? ???? ?? 14 ???????? ????????????, ????? ????????? ?????? ? 159-?, ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????) [119] ?

??????????????, ????????-???????????? ??????????????????? ?? ?????????? ??-???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ? [120] , ?????? ??????? ? ??? 2005 ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ???? (???? ?????), ???????? ?? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ≪?????????? ???????????????≫, ? ≪???????? ???????≫ ??????????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????????????? ???????????????

?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????????, ???????? ≪???????? ???????≫ ?????????? [121] [122] , ? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ??????????, ?? ?????????????????? ≪??????? ???????????????≫ ??? [122] ? ???????????? ??? ???????? (? ?? ????????) ????????????? ≪??? ????????????≫ ??????? ???????? ?????????????/?????????? ????????????? ???, ????????? ?? ?? ???????????????, ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ≪??????≫ ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? , ???????? ????? ???????? 2001 ???????? ???????? 89%-? ????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ≪?????????? ???????????????≫ ?????, ????? ???? 2003 ???????? ????? ? 92%-? [123] ? 2004 ???????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ????, ?? 78?84%-? ?????????? ? ≪???????? ???????≫ [124] ?

???-??? 9/11 ????????????? ???????, ???? ??????????? ???????????, ???????????? ????????? ??? ??-???????, ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????? ???, ?????, ??????????, ?????? ?? ????????????? ??? [125] ? ????????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??, ?? ???????????? ????????? ???, ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ? ??? ???????? ???????????? ????????????????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ???? ? ????? ??????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ Hunter, Jane (2015 ?? ??????? 5). ≪Suicide bombings: What does the law actually say?≫ . AOAV . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2015 ?? ??????? 11-??.
  2. ↑ Pape, Robert (2003 ?? ???????? 27). ≪The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism≫ . American Political Science Review . 97 (3): 343. doi : 10.1017/S000305540300073X . hdl : 1811/31746 . S2CID   1019730 . ≪Before the early 1980s, suicide terrorism was rare but not unknown (Lewis 1968; O'Neill 1981; Rapoport 1984). However, since the attack on the U.S. embassy in Beirut in April 1983, there have been at least 188 separate suicide terrorist attacks worldwide, in Lebanon, Israel, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Yemen, Turkey, Russia and the United States.≫
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 ≪Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism. Suicide Attack Database≫ . Cpostdata.uchicago.edu . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 24-?? . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ????? 24-?? .
  4. ↑ Atran, 2006 , ?? 128
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Hoffman, Bruce (2003 ?? ??????). ≪The Logic of Suicide Terrorism≫ . The Atlantic . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 4-?? . ≪According to data from the Rand Corporation's chronology of international terrorism incidents, suicide attacks on average kill four times as many people as other terrorist acts.≫
  6. ↑ Hassan, Riaz (2009 ?? ?????????? 3). ≪What Motivates the Suicide Bombers?≫ . YaleGlobal . Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2013 ?? ?????????? 4-?? . ??????? ? 2012 ?? ????????? 2-?? .
  7. ↑ (Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location". Afghanistan (1059) Iraq (1938) and Pakistan (490) have a total 3487 attacks out of a total of 4620 worldwide.) ≪Year: 1982?2015. Group≫ . Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 24-?? . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ????????? 20-?? .
  8. ↑ Hutchinson, W. (2007 ?? ????). ≪The systemic roots of suicide bombing≫. Systems Research and Behavioral Science . 24 (2): 191?200. doi : 10.1002/sres.824 .
  9. ↑ de la Corte Ibanez, Luis (2014 ?? ?????????? 19). ≪The Social Psychology of Suicide Terrorism≫ . ict.org.il . International Institute for Counter Terrorism. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2022 ?? ???????? 21-?? . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 22-?? . ≪Terrorism involves the use of force or violence in order to instill fear as a means of coercing individuals or groups to change their political or social positions which means that social influence is the ultimate goal of terrorism. Obviously we could say the same about suicide terrorism. [...] An alternative perspective views terrorism, including suicide terrorism, as tool: a means to an end and a tactic of warfare that anyone could use.≫
  10. ↑ For example, 90% of attacks in Iraq prior to the civil war (starting in 2003) aimed at forcing out occupying forces. Pape's tabulation of suicide attacks runs from 1980 to early 2004 in Dying to Win and to 2009 in Cutting the Fuse .
  11. ↑ Atran 2006 , ??. 127 : " During 2000?2004, there were 472 suicide attacks in 22 countries, killing more than 7,000 and wounding tens of thousands. Most have been carried out by Islamist groups claiming religious motivation, also known as jihadis. Rand Corp. vice president and terrorism analyst Bruce Hoffman has found that 80 percent of suicide attacks since 1968 occurred after the September 11 attacks, with jihadis representing 31 of the 35 responsible groups."
  12. ↑ Definition given by Kofi Annan , March 2005 in the UN General Assembly, while Secretary General of the UN. ≪Story: UN reform≫ . United Nations. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2007 ?? ?????? 27-?? . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ???????? 24-?? .
  13. ↑ Jason Burke (2004). Al-Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam . I.B.Tauris. ???? 1?24 (22). ISBN   978-1-85043-666-9 . ??????? ? 2012 ?? ???????? 19-?? .
  14. ↑ F. Halliday. (2002). Two Hours that Shook the World: September 11, 2001 ? Causes and Consequences , Saqi; 0-86356-382-1 , pp. 70?71
  15. ↑ Number of suicide attacks and deaths from attacks 1982?2014. From Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Yoram Schweitzer (2000 ?? ?????? 21). ≪Suicide Terrorism: Development and Characteristics≫ . International Institute for Counter-Terrorism . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2013 ?? ?????? 27-?? . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ????? 22-?? . ≪... a very specific kind of attack. It does not deal with the very high-risk terror operations that leave only little chance of survival to their perpetrators. Such attacks as the Japanese Red Army's (JRA) attack at Lod airport in 1972, Abu Nidal's attack on a synagogue in Istanbul in 1986 and the PFLP-GC hand-glider attack on an army barracks in Kiryat Shmona in 1987 fall outside the scope of this paper. Also excluded were the self-inflicted deaths of members of terrorist organization, ... a politically motivated violent attack perpetrated by a self-aware individual (or individuals) who actively and purposely causes his own death through blowing himself up along with his chosen target. ... the perpetrator's ensured death is a precondition for the success of his mission." ≫
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Dodd, Henry (2013 ?? ???????? 23). A short history of suicide bombing . Action on Armed Violence. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2014 ?? ???????? 25-?? . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 6-?? . ≪First of all let's be clear what kind of attacks we are talking about. Suicide bombings are those that involve the deliberate death of the perpetrator. We're not just talking about a reckless charge in battle. The focus is on those attacks where the perpetrator functions as a sophisticated guidance system for the weapon. They function as part human and part weapon. In this way they are suicide attacks rather than suicidal attacks.≫
  18. ↑ Lankford, Adam (2012 ?? ?????????? 17). ≪What Drives Suicidal Mass Killers≫ . The New York Times . The New York Times . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 7-?? . ≪For years, the conventional wisdom has been that suicide terrorists are rational political actors, while suicidal rampage shooters are mentally disturbed loners. But the two groups have far more in common than has been recognized. ... Although suicide terrorists may share the same beliefs as the organizations whose propaganda they spout, they are primarily motivated by the desire to kill and be killed ? just like most rampage shooters.≫
  19. ↑ Oppel, Richared A. Jr. (2008 ?? ?????? 27). ≪2 American Soldiers Are Killed in Insurgent Attacks in Iraq≫ . The New York Times . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 7-?? . ≪in Mosul, Iraqi security forces raided a house and found six Iraqi boys 15 to 18 years old preparing to become suicide bombers, a police official in Mosul said. According to The Associated Press, four of the boys appeared before local reporters at Mosul police headquarters on Monday, including one who wept and said that a Saudi fighter "threatened to rape our mothers and sisters, destroy our houses and kill our fathers if we did not cooperate with him." ≫
  20. ↑ Azami, Dawood (2014 ?? ?????????? 15). ≪How the Taliban groom child suicide bombers≫ . BBC News . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 9-?? . ≪In some cases, [children recruited to be Taliban bombers] were given an amulet containing Koranic verses and told it would help them survive. Some handlers gave children keys to hang round their necks and were told the gates of paradise will open for them≫
  21. ↑ "Germans Maintain Losing Airline Inside Panama Canal Defense Zone: Service in Ecuador Keeps 20 Pilots for Two Planes?Company Called Center of Fifth Column Activities New Route Planned Value in Case of War". Russell B. Porter, New York Times , August 10, 1940, p. 6
  22. ↑ "CARRIER ROUTS FOE: Ships' and Planes' Fire Foils Japanese Raid Near Gilbert Isles A FIGHTER PILOT DOWNS 6 Fleet Force Escapes Damage, but Loses Two Aircraft ? Suicide Dive Balked NAVY IN ACTION IN THE FAR PACIFIC U.S. CARRIER ROUTS 18 BOMBERS IN RAID DOWNED SIX PLANES", New York Times , 4 March 1942, ROBERT F. WHITNEY.
  23. ↑ The Times (London), August 21, 1945, p. 6
  24. ↑ The Times (London), April 15, 1947, p. 2, (quote) "Designed originally as a counter-measure to the Japanese 'suicide-bomber,' it is now a potent weapon for defence or offence" (The quotes are in the original and suggest that the phrase was an existing one.)
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Moghadam, Assaf (2006). Pedahzur, Ami (ed.). Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom . Oxon, NY: Routledge. ?? 16. ISBN   978-0415770293 . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 6-?? .
  26. ↑ L. Khan (2006). A Theory of International Terrorism: Understanding Islamic Militancy . Boston, MA: Brill Academic Publishers. ????  97 ?98. ISBN   978-90-04-15207-6 .
  27. ↑ Tim Grieve (2003 ?? ?????????? 31). ≪Fox News: The inside story≫ . Salon.com . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2011 ?? ???????? 4-??. </
  28. ↑ ≪Why it's 'homicide bomber' not 'suicide bomber' ≫ . medicalxpress.com . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 9-?? .
  29. ↑ Peter Johnson. ≪Homicide bomber vs. suicide bomber≫ . USA Today . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2012 ?? ????????? 5-?? . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ????? 22-?? .
  30. ↑ ≪Annan wants peacekeepers in Middle East≫ .
  31. ↑ ≪Kesher Talk≫ . 2002 ?? ??????? 24. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2009 ?? ??????? 28-?? . ??????? ? 2006 ?? ?????? 13-?? .
  32. ↑ ≪Targets≫ . Washington Times . 2004 ?? ?????? 23 . ??????? ? 2006 ?? ?????? 13-?? .
  33. ↑ Takeda, Arata (2012). ≪Das regressive Menschenopfer: Vom eigentlichen Skandalon des gegenwartigen Terrorismus≫ (PDF) . Vorgange ? Zeitschrift fur Burgerrechte und Gesellschaftspolitik . 51 (1): 116?129.
  34. ↑ Hassan, Riaz (2011). Suicide Bombings . Taylor & Francis. ?? 8. ISBN   9781136804526 . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 13-?? .
  35. ↑ Acosta, Benjamin (2012). ≪Assassins≫ . In Stanton, Andrea L.; Ramsamy, Edward (eds.). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia . Sage. ?? 21. ISBN   9781412981767 . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 13-?? .
  36. ↑ ≪The Murchison Tragedy≫ . Nelson Evening Mail . Vol. XL. 1905 ?? ??????? 15. ?? 2 . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 17-?? .
  37. ↑ Yu, Yonghe (2004). Macabe Keliher (ed.). Small Sea Travel Diaries . SMC Publishing Inc. ?? 196. ISBN   978-957-638-629-9 .
  38. ↑ Campbell, William (1903). Formosa under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records . Kegan Paul. ??  452 . ISBN   9789576380839 . LCCN   04007338 . OCLC   66707733 . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????? 18-?? .
  39. ↑ Lewis, Jeffrey William (2013 ?? ?????). ≪The Human Use of Human Beings: A Brief History of Suicide Bombing≫ . Origins . 6 (7) . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 21-?? .
  40. ↑ Naimark, Norman M. (2006). ≪Terrorism and the fall of Imperial Russia≫ . In Rapoport, David C. (ed.). Terrorism: The first or anarchist wave . Terrorism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis. ?? 280. ISBN   9780415316514 . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????? 17-?? . ≪[...] Sof'ia Perovskaia [...] and Andrei Zheliabov carefully planned another attempt on the life of the Tsar. [...] They rented a shop on Malaia Sadovaia, a street frequented by the Tsar, and dug a tunnel from the basement under the street. Zheliabov was arrested on 27 February 1881, and Perovskaia took charge of the assassination, planned for 1 March. This time they got their prey: the explosives placed under the street failed to detonate, but the second of two suicide bombers fatally wounded the Tsar.≫
  41. ↑ Julicher, Peter (2003). Renegades, Rebels and Rogues Under the Tsars . McFarland. ?? 229. ISBN   9780786416127 . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????? 17-?? . ≪[... Boris Savinkov ] recruited Yegor Sazonov, a former medical student, who was willing to sacrifice himself to accomplish the deed. [...O]n July 15 (28), 1904, a determined Sazonov ran through a crowd of onlookers and positioned himself in front of the approaching carriage just in time. When it swerved to avoid him, he threw his bomb through the side window. The explosion killed Plehve and left Sazonov badly injured.≫
  42. ↑ * LEAR. ≪??"敢死?"的解??典zdic.net≫ . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ????????? 7-?? .
  43. ↑ Carl Glick; Sheng hwa Hong (1947). Swords of silence: Chinese secret societies, past and present . Whittlesey House.
  44. ↑ Linebarger, Aul (2008). Sun Yat Sen and the Chinese Republic . READ BOOKS. ?? 263. ISBN   978-1443724388 . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ??????? 28-?? .
  45. ↑ China yearbook . China Pub. Co. 1975. ?? 657 . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ??????? 28-?? .
  46. ↑ Chiang, Kai-shek (1968). Selected speeches and messages . Government Information Office. ?? 21 . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ??????? 28-?? .
  47. ↑ Fenby, Jonathan (2003). Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the China He Lost . Simon and Schuster. ?? 318-319. ISBN   978-0743231442 . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????? 24-?? .
  48. ↑ Jonathan Fenby (2008 ?? ??????? 24). Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present . HarperCollins. ?? 284. ISBN   978-0-06-166116-7 .
  49. ↑ ≪台?庄巷?:?官?令有敢退?河者 ?无赦_?易?事≫ . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2018 ?? ??????? 19-?? . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ????? 16-?? .
  50. ↑ Wong, Bun. ≪Taierzhuang street fighting : Executive power to make those who have dared to retreat across the river Unforgiven ? Netease International News≫ . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2017 ?? ?????????? 20-?? . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????????? 12-?? .
  51. ↑ Schaedler, Luc (2007). Angry Monk: Reflections on Tibet: Literary, Historical, and Oral Sources for a Documentary Film (PDF) (Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Zurich For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy). University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. ?? 518. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2014 ?? ??????? 19-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????? 24-?? .
  52. ↑ Harmsen, Peter (2013). Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze (illustrated ed.). Casemate. ?? 112. ISBN   978-1612001678 . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????? 24-?? .
  53. ↑ Ong, Siew Chey (2005). China Condensed: 5000 Years of History & Culture (illustrated ed.). Marshall Cavendish. ?? 94. ISBN   978-9812610676 . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????? 24-?? .
  54. ↑ Olsen, Lance (2012). Taierzhuang 1938 ? Stalingrad 1942 . Clear Mind Publishing. ISBN   978-0-9838435-9-7 . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2011 ?? ??????? 9-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????? 24-?? – via Numistamp.
  55. ↑ ≪STORM OVER TAIERZHUANG 1938 PLAYER's AID SHEET≫ (PDF) . grognard.com . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????? 24-?? .
  56. ↑ Ong Siew Chey (2011). China Condensed: 5,000 Years of History & Culture (reprint ed.). Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ?? 79. ISBN   978-9814312998 . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????? 24-?? .
  57. ↑ International Press Correspondence, Volume 18 . Richard Neumann. 1938. ?? 447 . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????? 24-?? .
  58. ↑ Epstein, Israel (1939). The people's war . V. Gollancz. ?? 172 . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????? 24-?? .
  59. ↑ Kenneth Lieberthal (1980). Revolution and tradition in Tientsin, 1949?1952 . Stanford University Press. ??  67 . ISBN   978-0-8047-1044-2 . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ??????? 28-?? . ≪dare to die china.≫
  60. ↑ Jan Wong (1997). Red China Blues: My Long March from Mao to Now . Random House, Inc. ?? 237. ISBN   978-0-385-25639-1 . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ??????? 28-?? .
  61. ↑ Dodd, Henry (2013 ?? ???????? 23). A short history of suicide bombing . Action on Armed Violence . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 13-?? .
  62. ↑ Jackson, Steve (2003). Lucky Lady: The World War II Heroics of the USS Santa Fe and Franklin . Da Capo Press. ?? 308. ISBN   978-0786713103 . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 6-?? . (???????? ?????)
  63. ↑ Beevor, Antony . Berlin: The Downfall 1945 , Penguin Books, 2002, p. 238; 0-670-88695-5 ; accessed April 18, 2015.
  64. ↑ Roger Moorhouse , Killing Hitler . Jonathan Cape, pp. 191?193 (2006); 0-224-07121-1 .
  65. ↑ International Journal of Korean Studies . Korea Society and the International Council on Korean Studies. 2001. ?? 40.
  66. ↑ Carter Malkasian (2014 ?? ?????? 29). The Korean War . Osprey Publishing. ???? 22?. ISBN   978-1-4728-0994-0 . (???????? ?????)
  67. ↑ T.I. Han (2011 ?? ?????? 1). Lonesome Hero: Memoir of a Korea War POW . AuthorHouse. ???? 69?. ISBN   978-1-4634-1176-3 .
  68. ↑ Charles R. Smith (2007). U.S. Marines in the Korean War . Government Printing Office. ???? 183?. ISBN   978-0-16-087251-8 .
  69. ↑ Sonia Ryang (2009 ?? ???????? 16). North Korea: Toward a Better Understanding . Lexington Books. ???? 78?. ISBN   978-0-7391-3207-4 .
  70. ↑ Sami Moubayed; Mustapha Al Sayyed (2008 ?? ?????? 2). ≪Rising above odds to resurrect leaders≫ . Weekend Review .
  71. ↑ Senker, Cath (2004). The Arab-Israeli Conflict (????????). Black Rabbit Books. ISBN   978-1-58340-441-6 . (???????? ?????)
  72. ↑ Saada, Tass & Merrill, Dean Once an Arafat Man: The True Story of How a PLO Sniper Found a New Life Illinois 2008 pp. 4?6 1-4143-2361-1
  73. ↑ (Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "group") ≪Year: 1982?2015. Group≫ . Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 24-?? . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ????????? 20-?? .
  74. ↑ includes earlier versions of the group counted separately by the CPOST Suicide Attack Database: Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, and Islamic State of Iraq
  75. ↑ (Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location") ≪Year: 1982?2015. Group≫ . Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 24-?? . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ????????? 20-?? .
  76. ↑ immortalized in Joseph Conrad 's Secret Agent
  77. ↑ Kraft, Michael; Marks, Edward (2011). ≪1. Modern Terrorism and the Federal Government Response≫. U.S. Government Counterterrorism: A Guide to Who Does What . CRC Press.
  78. ↑ Cassman, Daniel. ≪Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam ? Mapping Militant Organizations≫ .
  79. ↑ ≪Tending to Sri Lanka≫ . The Washington Times . ??????? ? 2008 ?? ??????? 17-?? .
  80. ↑ ≪Year: 1982?2015: Group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam≫ . Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 24-?? . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????????? 22-?? .
  81. ↑ ≪Tamil Tiger 'regret' over Gandhi≫ . BBC News . 2006 ?? ??????? 27 . ??????? ? 2007 ?? ?????? 10-?? .
  82. ↑ ≪We killed Rajiv, confesses LTTE≫ . The Times of India . 2006 ?? ??????? 28. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2011 ?? ?????????? 8-?? . ??????? ? 2007 ?? ?????? 10-?? .
  83. ↑ ≪On This Day 21 May ? 1991: Bomb kills India's former leader Rajiv Gandhi≫ . BBC. 1991 ?? ?????? 21 . ??????? ? 2007 ?? ????????? 5-?? .
  84. ↑ Baker, Mark (2002 ?? ?????????? 16). ≪Hopes high for end to Sri Lanka war≫ . The Age . Melbourne . ??????? ? 2007 ?? ?????? 10-?? .
  85. ↑ ≪Sri Lanka assassination plot≫ . BBC News . 1998 ?? ??????? 27 . ??????? ? 2007 ?? ?????? 10-?? .
  86. ↑ Sambandan, V. S. (2005 ?? ?????????? 5). ≪Inquiries into Premadasa, Dissanayake killings closed≫ . The Hindu . Chennai, India. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2007 ?? ????? 1-?? . ??????? ? 2007 ?? ?????? 10-?? .
  87. ↑ ≪CHRONOLOGY-Assassinations of political figures in Sri Lanka≫ . Reuters UK . 2006 ?? ????????? 10. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2007 ?? ?????? 24-?? . ??????? ? 2007 ?? ?????? 10-?? .
  88. ↑ Kurz, Robert W.; Charles K. Bartles (2007). ≪Chechen suicide bombers≫ (PDF) . Journal of Slavic Military Studies . 20 (4): 529?547. doi : 10.1080/13518040701703070 . S2CID   96476266 . ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2017 ?? ?????????? 11-?? . ??????? ? 2012 ?? ???????? 30-?? .
  89. ↑ ????? ??????? 405 (?????????). News1 . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ????? 22-?? .
  90. ↑ Atran, 2006 , ?? 129
  91. ↑ Pedahzur, pp. 66?69
  92. ↑ Women Armed for Terror , nytimes.com; accessed 22 March 2015
  93. ↑ Pape, Dying to Win , p. 209.
  94. ↑ ≪UChicago CPOST≫ . cpostdata.uchicago.edu . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2014 ?? ???????? 23-?? . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 10-?? .
  95. ↑ Lisa Wedeen (1999 ?? ??????? 15). Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria . University of Chicago Press. ISBN   9780226877884 . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 17-?? .
  96. ↑ Human Security Report 2005: War and Peace in the 21st Century . Oxford University Press. 2005. ?? 111. ISBN   9780195307399 . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 13-?? .
  97. ↑ Rajan, V.G. Julie (2011). Women Suicide Bombers: narratives of violence . New York: Routledge. ISBN   978-0-415-55225-7 .
  98. ↑ "Female suicide bomber kills 15 at crowded Afghan market" , CBC News, May 15, 2008; retrieved April 29, 2012.
  99. ↑ ≪Suicide bomber kills several at train station in Russia≫ . CBS News. 2013 ?? ?????????? 29 . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 13-?? .
  100. ↑ ≪Bangladesh's female jihadists≫ . Dhaka Tribune . 2016 ?? ?????????? 23 . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????????? 27-?? .
  101. ↑ O'Rourke, L.A. (2009). ≪What Special About Female Suicide Terrorism?≫. Security Studies . 18 (4): 681?718. doi : 10.1080/09636410903369084 . S2CID   55378946 .
  102. ↑ Clonan, Tom. "The History of Women in Combat." Technological School of Dublin, School of Media, 1998, pp. 117-162
  103. ↑ O'Rourke, L. "What's Special about Female Suicide Terrorism." Security Studies. Vol. 18. 2009. Pp. 681-718
  104. ↑ 104,0 104,1 Bloom, Mia. "Female Suicide Bombers: A Global Trend." Daedalus, vol. 136, no. 1, The MIT Press, 2007, pp. 94?102, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20028092 .
  105. ↑ Gowrinathan, Nimmi. "Evident Truths: American Women at War." Los Angeles Review of Books, LA Review of Books, 2 Apr. 2021, lareviewofbooks.org/article/evident-truths-american-women-at-war/.
  106. ↑ 106,0 106,1 106,2 Atran, Scott (2008 ?? ????? 12). ≪The Making of a Terrorist: A Need for Understanding from the Field Testimony before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security Washington, DC≫ (PDF) . umich.edu . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 4-?? .
  107. ↑ THE WORLD QUESTION CENTER 2008 (p. 9) ?????????? 2013-04-07 Wayback Machine , Edge.org; retrieved August 19, 2012.
  108. ↑ ≪The LTTE and suicide terrorism≫ . Hinduonnet.com. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2010 ?? ?????? 4-?? . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ?????? 19-?? .
  109. ↑ Jamie Gierson (2017 ?? ???????? 28). ≪Isis has industrialised martyrdom, says report into suicide attacks≫. The Guardian .
  110. ↑ Through No Fault of Their Own: Punitive House Demolitions during the al-Aqsa Intifada B'Tselem , November 2004
  111. ↑ An internal review starting in October 2004 brought an end to the policy, but it was resumed in 2014. (source: Ed Farrian. Human Rights Issues for the Palestinian population (April 2005) , Ministry of Foreign Affairs, mfa.gov.il; accessed July 11, 2015.
  112. ↑ 112,0 112,1 ≪Analysis: Palestinian suicide attacks≫ . BBC News. 2007 ?? ???????? 29 . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 13-?? .
  113. ↑ ≪Frontline : Shattered Dreams of Peace≫ . PBS.ORG . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 21-?? . ≪On March 29, 2002, after a suicide bomber killed 30 people, Israel launched Operation Defensive Shield. Israel's troops re-entered Palestinian cities and refugee camps, hunting down terrorists and often leaving massive destruction in their wake. Three months later, in mid-June 2002, two more suicide bombings struck Israel. Sharon announced Israel would immediately begin a policy of taking back land in the West Bank, and holding it, until the terror attacks stopped.≫
  114. ↑ 114,0 114,1 Hoffman, Bruce (2003 ?? ??????). ≪The Logic of Suicide Terrorism≫ . The Atlantic . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 13-?? .
  115. ↑ Boot, Max (2010 ?? ?????? 7). ≪When suicide bombing is simply strategic suicide≫ . Los Angeles Times . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 7-?? .
  116. ↑ ≪Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN≫ . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 2009 ?? ?????? 20.
  117. ↑ ≪Who are Hamas?≫ . BBC News. 2009 ?? ???????? 4 . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ????????? 14-?? .
  118. ↑ Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (September 1993) ?????????? 2010-12-06 Wayback Machine , Mfa.gov.il; retrieved August 19, 2012.
  119. ↑ ≪Year: 1982?2015. Group≫ . Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 24-?? . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ????????? 20-?? . Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location", click Israel and after getting the results click "year".
  120. ↑ In the first campaign from 1994?1997 there were 14 suicide attacks, in the second from 2001?2005 there were 93 attacks.(source: (Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location", click Israel and after getting the results click "year".) ≪Year: 1982?2015. Group≫ . Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 24-?? . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ????????? 20-?? .
  121. ↑ Weinstein, Jamie (2004 ?? ???????? 2). ≪Barrier's Success Counted In Lives≫ . Sun-Sentinel . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2014 ?? ???????? 11-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 1-?? .
  122. ↑ 122,0 122,1 Steves, Rick (2013 ?? ????????? 18). ≪The Security Fence, the Anti-Terrorism Barrier, the Wall≫ . HuffPost . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 13-?? .
  123. ↑ Waxman, Dov (2011). ≪Living with terror, not Living in Terror: The Impact of Chronic Terrorism on Israeli Society≫ . Perspectives on Terrorism . 5 (5?6) . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 14-?? . ≪Palestinian terrorism during the second Intifada clearly affected the political preferences of the Israeli electorate. Sharon's resounding victory in the 2001 election was one indication of this effect. Another was the Likud party's decisive win in the 2003 Knesset elections, doubling the number of its seats in parliament (from 19 to 38), while the rival pro-negotiation center-left Labor party lost seven seats (dropping from 26 to 19 seats). Not only did Palestinian terrorism boost the electoral appeal of the political right in Israel, it also helped to bring about a rightward shift in the political positions of the Israeli public. In general, more Israelis identified themselves as right-wing and fewer as left-wing. ... Palestinian terrorism ... had a major impact on their attitudes towards the use of force against Palestinians. Israeli Jews became much more militant and 'hawkish.' ... Angry and embittered by the seemingly endless series of gruesome Palestinian suicide bombings inside Israel, the vast majority of the Israeli public staunchly supported the Sharon government's offensive military measures against the Palestinians. In 2001, for instance, 89 percent of Israeli Jews supported the Sharon government's policy of "targeted assassinations" of Palestinian militants involved in terrorism against Israel≫
  124. ↑ Peace Index / Most Israelis support the fence, despite Palestinian suffering ? Haaretz ? Israel News ? Ephraim Yaar, Tamar Hermann ? March 10, 2004
  125. ↑ Servamus, Volume 99 . SARP-Uitgevers. 2006. ?? 17 . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 15-?? .

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