?????????

????????????? ???? ??????????????
?????????
??????? alveolus ? [1]
???? ? lung parenchyma ?
??????? ? pneumocyte ?
???????? ????????? ????????
???????? right pulmonary artery ?
???? pulmonary vein ?
???????????
??????????? ????????? 		lung alveolus development ?
MeSH A04.411.715
Foundational Model of Anatomy 7318
Terminologia Histologica H3.05.02.0.00026
 Pulmonary alveoli ?????????????

????????? ( ?????? , ?????? ?  alveolus ), ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? , ?????? ?????????? ??????, ???????? ????????, ????? ????????? ? ?????????????????? [2] ? ???????? ??? ? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????????????????? [3] ? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? 90 %-? [4] [5] ?

?????????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???????, ????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? [6] ? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? (????????? ????? ???????????, ??????????? ??????? ? ?????????) ? ??????????????????? ???? ? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????? [7] ? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??? ??????, ??? ??????? ????????? ? ???????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ????, ??? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????? ? ????? ???? ????????? [8] [9] ?

?????????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ????????????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? [10] ?

?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ????????,?????? ????? ? ????? ???????? ??????????? (BT), ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????????? (BR) ? ?????????? ???????? (DA), ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? (A) ????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? (AS)?

?????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????? ??, ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? [11] ? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? 2-11 ?? ????????????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ????

????????? ????? ????????????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????, ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? 8 ??????? [6] ?

?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? 480 ?????? ????????? [12] , ????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????? 70-?? 80 ????????? ???? ? [11] ? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ????? ??????, ??? ??????? ? ???????? ??? 70%-? [13] ? ???????? ????????? 200-500 ??? ? [13] ?

????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? (??????? ????? ??????) ? ??????????? ????????? [14] , ????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?, ??? ??????? ? ????????? ????????, ????? ????????? ? ??????????????????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????????????? , ??? ??????? ? ?????????????? , ?????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? 0,2 ??? ?, ??? ??????????? 0,6 ??? [15] ?

?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????????, ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? ? ??????????, ??????????? ? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????????? [4] ? ????????? ??????????? ? ??? ??????????? ????, ??? ?????????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???????

?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ? ?????????????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? I ? II ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????, ? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? I ???? ????????, ????? ??? ??????? ?? I ???? ??????????? ??? I ???? ?????????? ???????, ?????, ????? ? ???? ??? II ???? ????????, ????? ??? ??????? ?? II ???? ??????????? ??? II ???? ?????????? ???????, ?????????? ?? ??????????? [13] [16] ?

????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ? 22-?? ??? ? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ?????????, ????????????, ??????????, ??????? ? ?????????? [17] ? ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? 36 ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? [17] ? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ? ???????? ?????? 6 ???????? ?????????, ???? ??????????? ? ???????? ????? 3 ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ? ??? ????? ???, ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ??? [17] ?

?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????, ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? 8 ??????? [17] ?

???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ?????????????? ?????????

I ????? ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ????????? I ???? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????:
??????????????????? ????????????

I ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? (?????????? ???????????), ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ??? [4] ? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? (?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????) ? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????????????, ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? 95%-? [13] [18] ?

I ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ? ????? ???? ????????????????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? 25 ??, ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????????????????? ????????? ? ??? ?????

I ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??? ????, ? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????

?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? (??? 80 ?²) ????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ?? ????? ??????????, ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ????????

I ???? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ? ????? ??????? II ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ? ?????????????

II ????? ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

II ???? ???????? ??????????? ?? ? ??? ????? ????, ??? I ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ??, ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????, ????? I ???? ???????? ????????? II ???? ???????? (????????? ???????????) ??????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ?????, ????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? [4] ? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????????? (????? ??? ?????????? ??????) ??????????? ? ?????????? ???????? [19] [20] ?

II ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? 26 ???????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??? 35 ??????, ??? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? , ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? 35 ??????????? ????? ?????????

??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?, II ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??? I ? II ???? ?????????? ??????? [21] ?

MUC1 ???? ?????? ? II ???? ???????????? ???, ??? ???????????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? [22] [23] ?

??????????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????, ??????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??, ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ?? ?????, ????????????, ??????? ?????????? [24] ?

?????????? ????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ? (?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????) [25] ? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? (ARDS) ???? ?????? ????????????? ? ???????????? ???????????????? ??? ?????????????? [26] ? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? (IRDS): ???????-???????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? [27] ? ???? ?????????????????? IRDS-? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???

???????????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?? ?????????? ? ????????????????? ????????? [28] ?

????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?, ??? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????????? , ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????, ????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ??????, ???? ?????????? ? ????????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????, ??? ??????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?????????, ????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??????? [29] [30] ?

?????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????-?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????, ??? ??????????? ? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ? Cryptococcus neoformans-? ???????? ??????????: ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???????:

????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????????????????? ????????????? [32] ?

  • ????????? ????????? ????????? ?, ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ? ????????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??, ????????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????
  • ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?, ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? (????????? ??????? ????) ? ????-1 ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ????????????????? ????? ???? ???????
  • ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ?, ??? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????????

?????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ? [33] ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????????????

???? ??????? ????????????? ? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ??????????

???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? 2-?? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????????? ????????????? [34] [35] ?

????????? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  • Արյան շրջանառությունը թոքաբշտի շուրջ
    ????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????
  • Թոքի կառուցվածքային գծապատկեր
    ???? ?????????????? ?????????

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ ?????????? ???????? ?????
  2. ↑ ≪Pulmonary Gas Exchange - MeSH - NCBI≫ . www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov . ??????? ? 2022 ?? ?????????? 30-?? .
  3. ↑ ≪Alveoli≫ . www.cancer.gov (????????). 2011 ?? ???????? 2 . ??????? ? 2021 ?? ??????? 22-?? .
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Knudsen, L; Ochs, M (2018 ?? ?????????). ≪The micromechanics of lung alveoli: structure and function of surfactant and tissue components≫ . Histochemistry and Cell Biology . 150 (6): 661?676. doi : 10.1007/s00418-018-1747-9 . PMC   6267411 . PMID   30390118 .
  5. ↑ Jones, Jeremy. ≪Lung parenchyma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org≫ . Radiopaedia . ??????? ? 2021 ?? ???????? 15-?? .
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Moore K (2018). Clinically oriented anatomy . Wolters Kluwer. ??  336 . ISBN   978-1-4963-4721-3 .
  7. ↑ Hansen JE, Ampaya EP, Bryant GH, Navin JJ (1975 ?? ??????). ≪Branching pattern of airways and air spaces of a single human terminal bronchiole≫ . Journal of Applied Physiology . 38 (6): 983?9. doi : 10.1152/jappl.1975.38.6.983 . PMID   1141138 .
  8. ↑ Hogan CM (2011). ≪Respiration≫ . In McGinley M, Cleveland CJ (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth . Washington, D.C.: National council for Science and the Environment.
  9. ↑ Paxton S, Peckham M, Knibbs A (2003). ≪Functions of the Respiratory Portion≫ . The Leeds Histology Guide . Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds.
  10. ↑ Daniels CB, Orgeig S (2003 ?? ???????). ≪Pulmonary surfactant: the key to the evolution of air breathing≫. News in Physiological Sciences . 18 (4): 151?7. doi : 10.1152/nips.01438.2003 . PMID   12869615 .
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Spencer's pathology of the lung (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 1996. ????  22 ?25. ISBN   0-07-105448-0 .
  12. ↑ Ochs M (2004). ≪The number of alveoli in the human lung≫. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 1 (169): 120?4. doi : 10.1164/rccm.200308-1107OC . PMID   14512270 .
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Stanton, Bruce M.; Koeppen, Bruce A., eds. (2008). Berne & Levy physiology (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier. pp. 418?422. 978-0-323-04582-7 .
  14. ↑ ≪Bronchi, Bronchial Tree & Lungs≫ . SEER Training Modules . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute.
  15. ↑ Hall J (2011). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology . Saunders Elsevier. ???? 489?491. ISBN   978-1-4160-4574-8 .
  16. ↑ Naeem, Ahmed; Rai, Sachchida N.; Pierre, Louisdon (2021). ≪Histology, Alveolar Macrophages≫ . StatPearls . StatPearls Publishing. PMID   30020685 . ??????? ? 2021 ?? ?????????? 12-?? .
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 Rehman S, Bacha D (2022 ?? ???????? 8). Embryology, Pulmonary . StatPearls Publishing. PMID   31335092 . {{ cite book }} : |website= ignored ( ?????????? )
  18. ↑ Weinberger S, Cockrill B, Mandell J (2019). Principles of pulmonary medicine (Seventh ed.). Elsevier. ???? 126?129. ISBN   978-0-323-52371-4 .
  19. ↑ Ross MH, Pawlina W (2011). Histology, A Text and Atlas (Sixth ed.).
  20. ↑ Fehrenbach H (2001). ≪Alveolar epithelial type II cell: defender of the alveolus revisited≫ . Respiratory Research . 2 (1): 33?46. doi : 10.1186/rr36 . PMC   59567 . PMID   11686863 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 ????? ????????? ???? DOI ( link )
  21. ↑ ≪Lung ? Regeneration ? Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas≫ . National Toxicology Program . National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . ??????? ? 2018 ?? ?????? 18-?? .
  22. ↑ Jarrard JA, Linnoila RI, Lee H, Steinberg SM, Witschi H, Szabo E (1998 ?? ?????????). ≪MUC1 is a novel marker for the type II pneumocyte lineage during lung carcinogenesis≫ . Cancer Research . 58 (23): 5582?9. PMID   9850098 .
  23. ↑ Mahdi, Mohamed; Herman, Levente; Rethelyi, Janos M.; Balint, Balint Laszlo (2022 ?? ???????). ≪Potential Role of the Antidepressants Fluoxetine and Fluvoxamine in the Treatment of COVID-19≫ . International Journal of Molecular Sciences (????????). 23 (7): 3812. doi : 10.3390/ijms23073812 . ISSN   1422-0067 . PMC   8998734 . PMID   35409171 .
  24. ↑ ≪The trachea and the stem bronchi≫ . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
  25. ↑ Saladin KS (2007). Anatomy and Physiology: the unity of form and function . New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN   978-0-07-322804-4 .
  26. ↑ Sever N, Mili?i? G, Bodnar NO, Wu X, Rapoport TA (2021 ?? ???????). ≪Mechanism of Lamellar Body Formation by Lung Surfactant Protein B≫ . Mol Cell . 81 (1): 49?66.e8. doi : 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.042 . PMC   7797001 . PMID   33242393 .
  27. ↑ St Clair C, Norwitz ER, Woensdregt K, Cackovic M, Shaw JA, Malkus H, Ehrenkranz RA, Illuzzi JL (2008 ?? ?????????). ≪The probability of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome as a function of gestational age and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio≫ . Am J Perinatol . 25 (8): 473?80. doi : 10.1055/s-0028-1085066 . PMC   3095020 . PMID   18773379 .
  28. ↑ Kumar, A; Abdelmalak, B; Inoue, Y; Culver, DA (2018 ?? ??????). ≪Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in adults: pathophysiology and clinical approach≫. The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine . 6 (7): 554?565. doi : 10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30043-2 . PMID   29397349 . S2CID   27932336 .
  29. ↑ ≪Pneumonia ? Symptoms and causes≫ . Mayo Clinic (????????) . ??????? ? 2019 ?? ??????? 10-?? .
  30. ↑ ≪Pneumonia Symptoms and Diagnosis≫ . American Lung Association (????????) . ??????? ? 2019 ?? ??????? 10-?? .
  31. ↑ Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston S, Davidson S (2010). Davidson's principles and practice of medicine (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN   978-0-7020-3085-7 .
  32. ↑ Mooi W (1996). ≪Common Lung Cancers≫. In Hasleton P (ed.). Spencer's Pathology of the Lung . New York: McGraw-Hill. ?? 1076. ISBN   0-07-105448-0 .
  33. ↑ ≪Pulmonary Contusion ? Injuries and Poisoning≫ . Merck Manuals Consumer Version (????????? ????????) . ??????? ? 2019 ?? ??????? 10-?? .
  34. ↑ Kuba K, Imai Y, Ohto-Nakanishi T, Penninger JM (2010 ?? ?????????). ≪Trilogy of ACE2: a peptidase in the renin-angiotensin system, a SARS receptor, and a partner for amino acid transporters≫ . Pharmacology & Therapeutics . 128 (1): 119?28. doi : 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.06.003 . PMC   7112678 . PMID   20599443 .
  35. ↑ Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, ? ????: (2020 ?? ???????). ≪High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa≫ . International Journal of Oral Science . 12 (1): 8. doi : 10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x . PMC   7039956 . PMID   32094336 .
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