?????????????? (???????????????)

?????????????? ( ?????? ? regnum ), ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????` ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ?. ?????????????? ????????? ? ?????? , ????????? ? ???? ? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ??. ??? ????????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ?????????

???????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? 5 ?????????????????

1977 ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ???????????????

??? 1998-?? ??? ?????

??????????

??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????` ?????????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ????? ???????? ?????????? (?. ?. ?. 384-322) ?? ≪??????????? ???????????≫ ?????? ^[1], ??? ??? ????????` ??????????? (?. ?. ?. ??? 371-287) ???????????? ???? ? ≪???????? ???????????≫ ????????????? ^[2]?

??????? (1707-1778) ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????? 1735 ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ? ????? ?????????????` ??????????? ?????????????? ( ?????? ? Regnum Animale ) ? ???????? ?????????????? ( ?????? ? Regnum Vegetabile )? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????????????? ( ?????? ? Regnum Lapideum ) ^[3]?

1674 ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????????????????? ???? 1866 ???????? ?????? ? ???? (1800-1869) ????? ??? ??????? ?????????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ^[4]?

??????????? ???????????????? ? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????????????????. ??????? ?? ???? ( ???????????? ) ?????? ????????? , ??? ????? ???? ( ???????????? )` ???????? 1938 ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????` ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? , ????? ????????? ????????

????????????? ? ????????????? ???? ????????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ? 1960 ???????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ` ????????? ?????? ???????? ???, ????????? ??? ????????????? ????` ??????????????????? ^[5]?

???????????? ????????? ???, ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ???, ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??, ?? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ????????? 1969 ???????? ?? ??????????? ???` ???? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ?? ????? ?????????????? ? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????? ????????????????? ???. ???????? ????????????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??, ??????` ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????????????????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ? ????????????? ??????????????????????, ??? ?????? ? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????????

?????????? ? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????, ?? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ? ??? ????????? ?? ???????????? ??????

?????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? 1735 ^[6] 2 ??????????????	?????? 1866 ^[7] 3 ??????????????	?????? 1925 ^[8]^[9] 2 ?????????????????	????????? 1938 ^[10]^[11] 4 ??????????????	???????? 1969 ^[12] 5 ??????????????	????? ? ???? 1977 ^[13]^[14] 6 ??????????????	????? ? ???? 1990 ^[15] 3 ???????????????????	???? 1993 ^[16]^[17]^[18] 8 ??????????????	???? 1998 ^[19]^[20]^[21] 6 ??????????????	?. ???????? ? ???? 2015 ^[22] 7 ??????????????
-	??????????	???????????	????????? (????????????)	?????????	??????????????	???????????	??????????????	???????????	???????????
-					???????????????	????????	???????????????		????????
-		????????????	?????????? (????????????)	??????????	??????????	????????????	??????????	???????????	???????????
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??? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????

????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? History of Animals . London: Henry G. Bohn, 1862.
?????????? Enquiry into Plants (Hort). Books 1 to 5 (???????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????)
?????????? Enquiry into Plants (Hort). Books 6 to 9 (???????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????)

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

↑ ≪History of Animals≫ . London: Henry G. Bohn. 1862.
↑ Сингер, Чарльз Дж. (1931). ≪A short history of biology, a general introduction to the study of living things,≫ . Оксфорд: Clarendon Press. OCLC 1197036 .
↑ Скамарделла, Джозеф М. (1999). ≪Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista", International Microbiology Т. 2 (4): 207?16, PMID 10943416≫ . International Microbiology Т. 2 (4): 207?16 . PMID 10943416 .
↑ Scamardella JM. ≪Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista≫ . International Microbiology Т. 2 (4): 207?16, . PMID 10943416 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 ????? ???????? ????????????? ( link )
↑ R. Y. StanierC. B. van Niel (1962). ≪The concept of a bacterium≫ . Archiv Fur Mikrobiologie Т. 42: 17?35. PMID 13916221 .
↑ Linnaeus, C. (1735). Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species.
↑ Haeckel, E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin.
↑ Chatton, E. (1925). Pansporella perplexa. Reflexions sur la biologie et la phylogenie des protozoaires . Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale. 10-VII: 1?84.
↑ Chatton, E. (1937). Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906?1937). Sette, Sottano, Italy.
↑ Copeland, H. (1938). The kingdoms of organisms . Quarterly Review of Biology. 13: 383?420. doi:10.1086/394568.
↑ Copeland, H. F. (1956).[ https://archive.org/stream/classificationof00cope#page/6/mode/2up The Classification of Lower Organisms. ] Palo Alto: Pacific Books. p. 6. doi:10.1007/BF01796092. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4474.
↑ Whittaker, R. H. (January 1969). New concepts of kingdoms of organisms . Science. 163 (3863): 150?60. Bibcode:1969Sci...163..150W. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760 .
↑ Woese, C. R.; Balch, W. E.; Magrum, L. J.; Fox, G. E.; Wolfe, R. S. (August 1977). An ancient divergence among the bacteria . Journal of Molecular Evolution. 9 (4): 305?311. doi:10.1007/BF01796092. PMID 408502 .
↑ Woese, C. R.; Fox, G. E. (November 1977). Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74 (11): 5088?90. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5088W. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. PMC 432104?Freely accessible. PMID 270744 .
↑ Woese, C.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. (1990). Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (12): 4576?9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159?Freely accessible. PMID 2112744 .
↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine? . Bio Systems. 14 (3?4): 461?481. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818 .
↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1992). Origins of secondary metabolism . Ciba Foundation symposium. 171: 64?80; discussion 80?7. PMID 1302186 .
↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993). Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla . Microbiological reviews. 57 (4): 953?994. PMC 372943?Freely accessible. PMID 8302218 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372943/ ]
↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998), A revised six-kingdom system of life. "", Biological Reviews, 73 (03): 203?66, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x, PMID 9809012
↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004), Only six kingdoms of life Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 271: 1251?62, doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705, PMC 1691724?Freely accessible, PMID 15306349 , retrieved 2010-04-29
↑ Cavalier-Smith T (June 2010) Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree . Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342?5. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948. PMC 2880060?Freely accessible. PMID 20031978 .
↑ Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M.; Thuesen, Erik V. (2015). A higher level classification of all living organisms . PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0119248. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. PMC 4418965?Freely accessible. PMID 25923521 .

??????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

A Brief History of the Kingdoms of Life. Earthling Nature
The five kingdom concept ?????????? 2008-02-19 Wayback Machine
Pelentier, B. (2007-2015). Empire Biota: a comprehensive taxonomy . ???????? ??????

???????????? ?????

??????????????????? ? ?????????????? ? ?????????????????? ? ???????? / ?????????? ? ??? / ????? ? ??????? / ????????? ? ???????? ? ??? ? ??????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ? ???? ? ???????? ? ????????? ? ???????????? ? ??????? ? ??????????? ? ?????????? ? ????? ? ????????? ? ??? ? ??????? ? ??????????? ? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ???? ? ???????? ? ????? ? ????????? ? ??????? / ????????? ? ????????????? ? ?? ? ??????

?????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????

[1] ≪History of Animals≫ . London: Henry G. Bohn. 1862.

[2] Сингер, Чарльз Дж. (1931). ≪A short history of biology, a general introduction to the study of living things,≫ . Оксфорд: Clarendon Press. OCLC 1197036 .

[3] Скамарделла, Джозеф М. (1999). ≪Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista", International Microbiology Т. 2 (4): 207?16, PMID 10943416≫ . International Microbiology Т. 2 (4): 207?16 . PMID 10943416 .

[4] Scamardella JM. ≪Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista≫ . International Microbiology Т. 2 (4): 207?16, . PMID 10943416 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 ????? ???????? ????????????? ( link )

[5] R. Y. StanierC. B. van Niel (1962). ≪The concept of a bacterium≫ . Archiv Fur Mikrobiologie Т. 42: 17?35. PMID 13916221 .

[6] Linnaeus, C. (1735). Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species.

[7] Haeckel, E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin.

[8] Chatton, E. (1925). Pansporella perplexa. Reflexions sur la biologie et la phylogenie des protozoaires . Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale. 10-VII: 1?84.

[9] Chatton, E. (1937). Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906?1937). Sette, Sottano, Italy.

[10] Copeland, H. (1938). The kingdoms of organisms . Quarterly Review of Biology. 13: 383?420. doi:10.1086/394568.

[11] Copeland, H. F. (1956).[ https://archive.org/stream/classificationof00cope#page/6/mode/2up The Classification of Lower Organisms. ] Palo Alto: Pacific Books. p. 6. doi:10.1007/BF01796092. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4474.

[12] Whittaker, R. H. (January 1969). New concepts of kingdoms of organisms . Science. 163 (3863): 150?60. Bibcode:1969Sci...163..150W. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760 .

[13] Woese, C. R.; Balch, W. E.; Magrum, L. J.; Fox, G. E.; Wolfe, R. S. (August 1977). An ancient divergence among the bacteria . Journal of Molecular Evolution. 9 (4): 305?311. doi:10.1007/BF01796092. PMID 408502 .

[14] Woese, C. R.; Fox, G. E. (November 1977). Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74 (11): 5088?90. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5088W. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. PMC 432104?Freely accessible. PMID 270744 .

[15] Woese, C.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. (1990). Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (12): 4576?9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159?Freely accessible. PMID 2112744 .

[16] Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine? . Bio Systems. 14 (3?4): 461?481. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818 .

[17] Cavalier-Smith, T. (1992). Origins of secondary metabolism . Ciba Foundation symposium. 171: 64?80; discussion 80?7. PMID 1302186 .

[18] Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993). Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla . Microbiological reviews. 57 (4): 953?994. PMC 372943?Freely accessible. PMID 8302218 . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372943/ ]

[19] Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998), A revised six-kingdom system of life. "", Biological Reviews, 73 (03): 203?66, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x, PMID 9809012

[20] Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004), Only six kingdoms of life Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 271: 1251?62, doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705, PMC 1691724?Freely accessible, PMID 15306349 , retrieved 2010-04-29

[21] Cavalier-Smith T (June 2010) Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree . Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342?5. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948. PMC 2880060?Freely accessible. PMID 20031978 .

[22] Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M.; Thuesen, Erik V. (2015). A higher level classification of all living organisms . PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0119248. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. PMC 4418965?Freely accessible. PMID 25923521 .

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