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Изображение химической структуры
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???????? ?????? C₁?H₁₃N?O₄ [1]
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Drugs.com Monograph

?????????? ( ZDV ), ??? ???? ???????????? (AZT), ?????????????? ????????? , ??? ???????????? ? ????/???? ???????????? ? ??????? ????? [2] ? ??? ??????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????? ??? [2] ? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? [2] ? ??? ????? ? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????/?????????? ? ????????/??????????/?????????? [2] ? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? [2] ?

????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ?? ????????, ???????????? ? ?????????? [2] ? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ?? ?????? ????????? , ???????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? [2] ? ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ????? [2] ? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????????? (NRTI) ?????? [2] ? ??? ???????? ?, ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? , ??? ????-? ??????????? ? ???-? ????????????? ? ????, ???, ??????? ???????????? ????? [2] ?

??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? 1964?.-?? [3] ? ??? ???-??? ????????? ?? 1987-?? ? ????-? ?????? ???????? ?? [2] [4] ? ??????????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? [5] ? ??? ???????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ??? [2] ? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ? US$5.10-$25.60 [6] : 2015?.-? ?????????? ???-??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?? $200-? [7] ?

???????? ???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? (HAART) ? ???????????? ? ????????????? ????????? ???? ????????????????????? [8] [9] ?

???? ???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

AZT-? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ?????????????? (PEP) ?????, ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? [10] ? ??????? AZT-? ?????????? ? ??? ???????????????????? ?????? ????????? PEP-? ?????????? ????? [11] ?

AZT-? ?????????? ????????? ? ?? ??????????????, ?? ??????????????? ????-? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?, ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ??? [12] [13] ? ????? AZT-? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? 10-15%-? ????????????? ??????? ?? ???????? [14] ? ??????? ????? ?? ????, ?? AZT-? ???????????? ?????????????? ????, ?????????????? ????????? ? ????????????????? ??? ????? ????, ???????? ? ???? ???????? ????? 8%-??? ??????????? ??????????????, ???????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????, ???????? ??????? , ????????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ??????, ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????????, ????????? ??? ???? -? ???????? ????? ??????? ? 1?2% [15] [16] [17] :

1994-1999??.-???? ????????? AZT-? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??? AZT ????????????? ???-??? ?????? ? 1000-?? ????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???? [18] ? ?????????? ???-??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? AZT ????????? 076 ?????? ?, ??? ?? ??? ???????? ? ?????? 5 ????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? AZT-? ??????????? ??????????? [19] ? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ? ???? , ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????????, ????? ????? ???????? ????-? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? 1990-????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? [20] ? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?????? ??, ??? ???-?? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????????? [20] ?

???????? ??????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ?? ??????????, ???????, ??????? ?????????? , ????????, ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? (????????), ??? ????? ? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ?? ????? ? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????????, ????????????? ????????????, ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ??????? ? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? [21] ?

????? ????????? AZT-? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????????????, ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????????????? ??? ??????? , ???????????? , ???????????????????? , ??????????????? ? ????????? ? ?????????? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????????? AZT-? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???????, ????????? ????????????? ??? -? ??????????? ??????????, ???? ???????? ????????????????? γ-??? ???????????? ??????????????? [22] , ??????? ??????????? ????????, ????????? ?????? , ?????????? L -????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? [23] ? AZT-?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? [24] [25] ? ??????, ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????????? , ???????? ?? ???????????? , ??????????? , ??????????????????? (???????) ? ???????????? , ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? [26] ? ?????????? AZT-? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????? [27] ? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? (IARC) ??????? ???????? ???????, ??? ??????? ??????, ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?, ?? ??????????? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? (Group 2B) [28] :

?????????? ???????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? AZT-? ???????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????????? ??? ????? ? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? AZT-? ???????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ????-? ??????????????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? [29] [30] ? ??????????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? AZT-? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ????????????? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????????????? ???????????? (???????? ?????????????, ?? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????, ????????? ??????????) ??? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ??????? (HAART):

??????????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

AZT-? ?????????, ????????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ????????????:

AZT-? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? -?? ??? -? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ????-? ???-? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????, ??? ?????????? ???? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? (??? ??????? ????? ????????? ?) [31] [32] [33] ?

??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? AZT-? ????? ??????? 5'-???????? ???? ?????????????????? ????? ?? ????, ?? ????-? ???-? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? [34] ?

AZT-? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? , ??? ???????????? ? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ???-? ???????????? ?????? ?????? AZT-? ?????????, ??? ??? 100 ????? ????? ??????? ? ????-? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? [35] ? ??? ?????????????????? ????????? ? ??????, ?? AZT-?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???-? ?????, ??????? ????-? ????? ??? ???????????? [36] ? ?????? AZT-? ?????????? ? ???? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? [31] ? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? AZT-? ?????? ? ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ????????? ? ????????????? ?????????????? ? ??, ????????? ? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????????????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????? [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] ?

????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

AZT-? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????:

AZT-? ???????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ????, ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????, ?????? H-N-O ???????? ??? ???????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ? 1988-?? ? 1987-?? [42] [43] ?

??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1960-???????? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????? , ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? [44] ? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????????????, ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ????

???????? ????????????? ?????????, ?? ??? ???????????????, ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????????????? ???????, ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ? ??????????????, ?????? ?? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????????????, ???? ????????? ??????????????? ????? 6-??????????????? ?????????? [45] ?

????? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????, 1964?.-?? ??? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????? (NIH) ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? AZT [46] [47] [48] : ???????????? ????????????, ??? ???????, ?? ??? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? [46] [49] ? 1974-?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ( ????????? , ???????? ), ??????????, ?? ????????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? Friend virus-? ????? (murine leukemia virus-? ?????) [50] ?

????????????? (AZT) ?????? ????? ????????? ? 1964?.-?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? 1974?.-?? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? AZT-? ?????????????? ????????? Friend leukemia ??????? ??????????? (?????????????) ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????????????????, ???? ?? Friend leukemia ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????????, ? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????????????, ????? ?????????? ??? ???????????????? [51] ?

1983?.-?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? (????), ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????? (????) ?????????????? [52] [53] ? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? , ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ???-? ???????? ??????? ??????????? (NCI) ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????/????-? ????? ?????????? [54] ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? CD4 + T ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????, ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? CD4 + T ???????? ????-? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????????, NCI ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????????, ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? [31] ? ??? ??????????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????????? ??????????????? ????-???? ?????????????, ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???????? T ???????? ????

1984-? ???????? Burroughs-Wellcome ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ??. ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???????????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????-? ???????????? Burroughs-Wellcome ????????????????? ????? ???????????????, ??? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? , ???????? ??????? , ?????? ??????, ????? (???) ???????? ???????, ????? ????????, ????? ??. ??????, ????? ???????? , ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? , ???????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?, ??? ???????????????? ?????? ????-?, ??????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? Friend virus ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? Wellcome ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ??????????????, ?????? ?????????? ??, ?? ????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ???????, ?? ????????????? ??????????? ? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? Friend virus-?, ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???, ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????, ????? ???????? 11 ???????????????? ?????? ????????????? ? ???????? NCI ???? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? [51] ?

1985?.-? ????????? NCI ???????????? ?????????????, ?? AZT-? in vitro ???? ????? ?????????????? [31] [46] ? ?? ???? ???? ???? NCI-? ? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? AZT-? ?????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????? [32] [37] [55] ? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????????????, ??? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ????-???? ???????????? ?? ?????????? AZT-? ??? ????????? ?????????????????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????-?? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? CD4 ???????? ??????, ??????????? T ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????, ? ?????????????????? ????????? ???? ??????, ?? AZT-? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????-?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ????????????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ???, ?? in vitro ?????????????? ????? ???? AZT-? ????????????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????, ? ?? ?????????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ????

?????????? Burroughs-Wellcome-? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??????????, ????????? ??????????????? ????? ????, ?? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ? ????-?? ???????????? ?????? [56] ? Burroughs-Wellcome ????? AZT-? ????????? ????? 1985-??? ???-? ????? ? ???????????? ?????????? (Food and Drug Administration FDA) ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ????? [57] ? 1987-? ????? 20-?? FDA-? ???????? AZT-? ????-?, ????-? ? ???? ?????? ????????? (AIDS Related Complex ARC, ???? ???? ????????????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????) ??? ???????????? ????? [58] ? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????????? 25 ???? ?? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ???

??????????, 1990?.-?? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? [59] ? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? (????????? 400?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????????, ?? ??????)? ????????? ????/???? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????

?????????????? ? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1991?.-?? ???????????? Public Citizen ?????? ??????? ???? ? ???????????? ???????, ?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? Barr Laboratories ? Novopharm Ltd. ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???, ?? NCI (???????? ??????? ?????????) ??????????? ??????? ??????? , ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ????????????? ??? ????? ???????????????????? ??????? FDA-??? ??????? AZT-? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? Burroughs Wellcome ????????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????????????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ????? Burroughs Wellcome ???????????????, ????????????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????-? ???, ?????????? ??, ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? NCI-? ?????????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ? ???-? ????????? ??????????, ?????? 1996?.-?? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? [60] ? Burroughs Wellcome Co.-? ????? ?????? Barr Laboratories-? ??? ??? ??????? ???-? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? [61] ?

2002-?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????, ??? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? GSK-? ????????????????? ????? ??? ?? [62] ? 2003?.-?? ??? ????? ?????? ? AHF-? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????????? [62] ?

2005?.-?? GSK-? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ? FDA-? 2005-? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? [63] ?

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 zidovudine
  2. ↑ 2,00 2,01 2,02 2,03 2,04 2,05 2,06 2,07 2,08 2,09 2,10 2,11 ≪Zidovudine≫ . The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ?????????? ?????????? 2016 ?? ?????????? 21-?? . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ????????? 28-?? .
  3. ↑ Fischer, Janos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery (????????). John Wiley & Sons. ?? 505. ISBN   9783527607495 . ?????????? ?????????? 2017 ?? ?????????? 8-??.
  4. ↑ Reeves, Jacqueline D.; Derdeyn, Cynthia A. (2007). Entry Inhibitors in HIV Therapy (????????). Springer Science & Business Media. ?? 179. ISBN   9783764377830 .
  5. ↑ ≪WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)≫ (PDF) . World Health Organization . April 2015. ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2016 ?? ?????????? 13-?? . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????????? 8-?? .
  6. ↑ ≪Zidovudine≫ . International Drug Price Indicator Guide . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ????????? 28-?? .
  7. ↑ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition . Jones & Bartlett Learning. ?? 67. ISBN   9781284057560 .
  8. ↑ De Clercq E (1994). ≪HIV resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors≫. Biochem Pharmacol . 47 (2): 155?69. doi : 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90001-9 . PMID   7508227 .
  9. ↑ Yarchoan R, Mitsuya H, Broder S (1988). ≪AIDS therapies≫ . Sci Am . 259 (4): 110?9. Bibcode : 1988SciAm.259d.110Y . doi : 10.1038/scientificamerican1088-110 . PMID   3072667 .
  10. ↑ ≪Updated U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to HIV≫ . ?????????? ?????????? 2006 ?? ????? 24-?? . ??????? ? 2006 ?? ????? 29-?? .
  11. ↑ ≪UK guideline for the use of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV following sexual exposure (2011)≫ . ?????????? ?????????? 2014 ?? ?????? 8-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????? 7-?? .
  12. ↑ PLOS Hub. Clinical Trials. http://clinicaltrials.ploshubs.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pctr.0020011 ?????????? ?????? 6, 2013 Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ ≪Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant HIV-1-Infected Women for Maternal Health≫ (PDF) . ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2006 ?? ?????? 22-?? . ??????? ? 2006 ?? ????? 29-?? .
  14. ↑ Science Codex.
  15. ↑ CIDRZ. Prevention of AIDS Transmission (PMTCT). ≪Archived copy≫ . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2012 ?? ???????? 14-?? . ??????? ? 2012 ?? ????? 31-?? . {{ cite web }} : CS1 ????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ( link )
  16. ↑ Transmission of HIV from infants ≪Archived copy≫ . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2013 ?? ?????????? 3-?? . ??????? ? 2012 ?? ???????? 3-?? . {{ cite web }} : CS1 ????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ( link )
  17. ↑ Connor E, Sperling R, Gelber R, Kiselev P, Scott G, O'Sullivan M, VanDyke R, Bey M, Shearer W, Jacobson R (1994). ≪Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group≫. N Engl J Med . 331 (18): 1173?80. doi : 10.1056/NEJM199411033311801 . PMID   7935654 .
  18. ↑ Walensky RP, Paltiel AD, Losina E, ? ????: (July 2006). ≪The survival benefits of AIDS treatment in the United States≫. J. Infect. Dis . 194 (1): 11?9. doi : 10.1086/505147 . PMID   16741877 .
  19. ↑ Morris, K (Feb 1998). ≪Short course of AZT halves HIV-1 perinatal transmission≫. Lancet . 351 (9103): 651. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78436-1 . PMID   9500334 .
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Crane, Johanna (2010). ≪Adverse events and placebo effects: African scientists, HIV, and ethics in the 'global health sciences' ≫. Social Studies of Science . 40 (6): 843?870. doi : 10.1177/0306312710371145 . PMID   21553555 .
  21. ↑ ≪zidovudine, Retrovir≫ . Medicinenet.com. 2010 ?? ???????? 12. ?????????? ?????????? 2010 ?? ?????????? 20-?? . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ?????????? 14-?? .
  22. ↑ Sun, R.; Eriksson, S.; Wang, L. (2010). ≪Identification and Characterization of Mitochondrial Factors Modulating Thymidine Kinase 2 Activity≫. Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids . 29 (4?6): 382?385. doi : 10.1080/15257771003741018 . PMID   20544523 .
  23. ↑ Scruggs, E. R.; Dirks Naylor, A. J. (2008). ≪Mechanisms of zidovudine-induced mitochondrial toxicity and myopathy≫ (pdf) . Pharmacology . 82 (2): 83?88. doi : 10.1159/000134943 . PMID   18504416 . ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2012 ?? ?????????? 2-??.
  24. ↑ Fisher, J. W. (1997). ≪Erythropoietin: physiologic and pharmacologic aspects≫. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine . 216 (3): 358?369. doi : 10.3181/00379727-216-44183 . PMID   9402140 .
  25. ↑ Fisher, J. W. (2003). ≪Erythropoietin: physiology and pharmacology update≫. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.) . 228 (1): 1?14. PMID   12524467 .
  26. ↑ ≪ZIDOVUDINE (AZT) ? ORAL (Retrovir) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions≫ . MedicineNet. ?????????? ?????????? 2005 ?? ??????? 30-?? . ??????? ? 2006 ?? ???????? 9-?? .
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  59. ↑ AZT Approved for AIDS Children. Services, From Times Wire (1990 ?? ?????? 3). ≪Archived copy≫ . Los Angeles Times . ?????????? ?????????? 2015 ?? ?????? 4-?? . ??????? ? 2012 ?? ????? 30-?? . {{ cite news }} : CS1 ????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ( link )
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