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???? , ??????????, ??????, ????????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????????, ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? [1] ? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??, ?????? ??? ???? ? ???????, ????????????? ? ???????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???-?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ( ???????? ?  oneiron - ≪????≫ ? ???????? ?  logia - ≪??????????????????≫) [2] ?

???????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? (REM) ???????, ??? ?????? ????????????? ??? ? ? ???? ? ?????? ????????? REM ??? ????? ????????? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????, ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ??????? [3] ? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?. ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? 20-30 ???? [3] ? ????? ????????? ? ????? ?????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? REM ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ?????? 3-5 ????, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ? ?????? 7-? [4] . ?????????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? [5] ? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? 8 ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? REM ????? ????????? [6] ?

????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? - ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ?????????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????????? ??? ?????, ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? [7] ?

???????? ?????? , ?? ????????? ? ????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????, ???? ? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ??????????????????? ????? ??? ????? 1900-????????? [8] ? ?? ???????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ? ??????????????????? ???????????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??, ?? ???? ????, ????? ?? ?????????????????, ?????? ???????????? ? ??????? ???????????? ????????? [9] ? ?? ≪???????? ???????????????≫ (1899) ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ?????? ? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ??? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????, ??????, ??????????, ??????????, ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????????????, ????? ????? ????????? ?, ?? ???? ? ??????? [10] ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? [11] ?

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???? ??????????????? ??? ???????????????? ????????????? ? ?????????????? ?????????????, ??? ?????????? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? [12] ?

??? ??????????? (?????? ? ??? ????? ??????????? ) ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ?.?.?. 3100 ???????? [13] [14] ? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ????????????????? ????? [14] [15] ? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ?? ??????? ????? [13] [14] ? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????-????????? ???????? (????????? ? ?.?.?. 2144-2124 ???????????), ???????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? [14] ? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????????????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? [14] ? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ? ???? ??????? ? ?????????????? ? ???????? ????????? [14] ? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?, ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? [14] ? ????? ???????? ???, ?? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? [14] , ?? ????? ??? ??? ???-?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? [16] ? ????? 7-?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?? ????, ????? ?? ????? ?, ?? ????, ????? ? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? [14] ? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????? [14] ?

???????? ??????? ?????????????? 2-??? (????????? ? ?.?.?. 883-859 ???????????) ???????? ? ????? ? ????? ?????? (????????? ???????? ??????) ?????? ??? ??????-????? ?????? ??????? [14] ? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????????? (????????? ? ?.?.?. 668-627 ???????????) ???? ? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????????, ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ? ???? ? ????????, ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? [14] ? ?????????????? ? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? 2 ????. ≪???≫ ???????, ?? ????????? ?? ?????????? ? ≪???≫ ???????, ?? ????????? ?? ?????????? [15] ? ?? I?kar Zaq?qu ????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????, ?????? ??? ????????????????, ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? [14] [17] ? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???, ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????? [14] ? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????????????, ????????????????? ???? ?????? ??????, ????????? ????????, ??????? ???????????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ???????, ??????????? ? ????????? ??? [14] ?

??? ?????????? ?.?.?. 2000 ???????? ???????????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? [18] ? ??? ???????????? ????? ???, ?? ????? ???? ? ????????????? , ?? ?????? ? ??????????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???, ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ≪???? ???????? ????????≫-???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????, ????????????? ??? ????????? [19] ?

??????? ??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ???? ??????????? ? ??????? ≪???????????≫ ????? ?????????, ???? ?????? ????? ? ???????? [20] ? ??? ???????????? ? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ? ????? ????? ??? ????????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????, ???????? ? ????? ????? (27-97 ?????????) [20] ? ???????? ??????????????? (???????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?.?.?. 900-500 ???????????) ????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ? ??????????? ????? ?????????:

???? ???????? ????? (虎?夢泉)

???????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ? ??? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ` ????? ????? ???????, ????????????? ? ????????????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??, ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????????

???????? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?.?.?. 5-?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????, ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ??????? [21] ? ????????? (?.?.?. 469-399 ?????????) ????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? (?.?.?. 384-322 ?????????) ???????? ??, ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??, ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??, ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ????????????????? ???, ?? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ????????? [22] ? ???????? Somnium Scipionis ????????????? ?????????? ? ?? ????? ????, ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ? ??????????? Commentarii in Somnium Scipionis ????????????????

?????????? ?? ≪???????????≫ ??????????? ??? ????? ? ≪??? ??????????, ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???, ????? ??? ????? ?, ??? ?????? ? ???? ???≫ [23] ?

?????? ?????????? ??? ≪???????? ?????≫ ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? (??????? ? 1160 ????????) 12-13-?? ????????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???, ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????, ? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??? 19-?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????????? [24] ?

≪?????? ???????? ?????≫ ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????, f.45.r

?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ≪?????? ???????? ?????≫ ?????????, ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ? ? ???????????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? (?????????? Hispania, ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????)? ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? , ??????? ???????? ???? ? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? 383 ????????? ?? ??????????? ? ???? 383 ??????? ????????????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? [25] ?

???????? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ?????????????? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ? ????????????? ????? ?? ???, ??? ?????? ?????????? ? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? 55-60 ????????????? :

?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????, 1690, ????? ???????

??? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ? ???????? ???, ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? (??????? ????) ? ??? ??????? (??? ????????? ????)? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ≪???????, ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????, ? ??????? ????? ?????≫? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? [26] ?

????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??, ?? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????

????? ?. ?????? ????????????? ? ???????? ???? ???????? [27] ? ?? ????? ?, ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???, ???? ?? ????? ???????????????? ???? ????? ? ???????? ????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ? ??? [28] ?

???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?. ????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ????????? ?? [29] ?

????????????????? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ??????????? ?, ?? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??, ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????????, ?????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ???????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???-?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? [30] ?

???????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????????????????????? ? ??????? ????????? [30]

??????? ? ????????????? ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ????? ????????? ????, ???? ???????? (1830?1833)

???? ??????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????????? ??? ????? ≪?????? ??????≫, ????? ? ????? ??? ??????? (?????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?????)?

??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ? ??? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???, ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ????? [31] ? ??? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ?????? 17-?? ?????? ?? ≪?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????≫ ??????????? ???? ??????, ????????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????

?????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ???? ????????? ????? ? ?????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ???, ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ? [32] ? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ? ????????, ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????, ? ≪????????????≫` ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? [33] [34] ?

????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???, ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????????????? ?????????, ???????? ??, ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????????, ??????? ??????????, ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ????? ??????????? , ??????????? ???, ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????

??????? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ? ????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ??????????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? (1304-1306) ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? (1639) ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??, ???????? ?? ?????? ≪??????? ????? ????? ? ???????≫ ????????????? (1799) ? ????? ????????? ≪?????????≫ (1781)? ???????? ????? ≪??????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????≫ (1944) ????? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ???? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ≪?????≫ ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ≪????≫ ????????? (1932)?

???????????? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???

????? ?????????????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ≪???????? ?????≫ [35] ? ≪?????? ???? ????????? ??????????≫ [36] ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????

???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ??? 19-?? ????? ? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????? ≪????? ????????? ?????????≫ ??????????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ≪????? ??????? ?????????≫ ??????????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????????? ??? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ???????????????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ??????????? ? ????? ???????????????????????

??? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ≪???????? ??????????≫ [37] ? ≪?????? ???????????≫ [38] ????????????????, ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????, ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????, ??????????????????? ???? ? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????, ????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ? ?????????????? ????????????????, ??? ????? ?. ???? ?? ???? ??????????????????, ?????? The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ? Ubik: ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ≪?????????????? ?????????≫ ??????????? ????

??????????? ??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ??????? ??????????????

??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ??????????????? ??????????? [39] ? ≪?? ????? ?????????≫ ????? ????????? (2010) ?????????? ? ???????? ????, ??? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ? ?????? ?????????????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? Spellbound (1945), The Manchurian Candidate (1962), Field of Dreams (1989), and Inception (2010) ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? [40] ?

??? ??????? ??????????? ???????????, ??????????????, ???????? ???, ??? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? [40] ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ?, ??? ?????????? ? ???? ??????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? [40] ? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ?? Carrie (1976), Friday the 13th (1980) or An American Werewolf in London (1981) ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? [40] ?

???????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ? ???????????? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ? ????? ????????? [40] ? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ???????? (Dreamscape, 1984; the Nightmare on Elm Street ??????, 1984?2010; Inception, 2010) ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? (?????? The Lathe of Heaven, 1971 ???????)? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ≪???????? ?????≫ ?????? (1971) ??????? ?????? ?????? ?, ?? ?? ≪???????????≫ ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? 1977 ??????? ≪?????? ?????≫ ???????????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? (?? ???????? ?????????? ?????) ?? ???, ?? ≪... ???????? ???-?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??≫? ??? ????? ≪????? ?????≫ ??????????, ≪????????? ???????≫ ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ? 100 ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???-?? ???? ?????? ? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???, ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? [40] ?

??????? ??????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

19-?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ?? ??????????, ???????? ??? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ≪????????? ????????≫ ???? ??????????????? [41] ? ?? ?????? ??, ?? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ???????? ?????, ?? ????? ???????????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?, ?? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????????? ? ????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????????????? ? ?????????????????? ???, ??? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ? [42] ? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ??????????????? [43] ?

??? ????? ??? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????? ??, ?? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?, ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ≪???????? ?????????? ??? ????≫ ??????????? ??? ?? ????? ?, ?? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?? ≪??????? ? ?????????≫ ????????????? ???? ??????????? ≪????????????????? ??? ????????? ?????????????????≫-??? [44] ?

????? ??? ?????? ????????, ?? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ≪???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????≫? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??, ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??? ???????????, ?? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??, ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????, ??????????? ? ????? ??? ??????????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????, ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ? ???? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????, ???????? ? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ????????, ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ??????????? ???????, ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????, ?? ????????, ????, ????????? ?? ?, ?? ????? ???????????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????????????????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? (??????, ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????????) [45] ? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ????? ?? ?????? [46] ?

?????? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????????????????? ? ??????? ??, ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ? ????????????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??, ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?? ??????????????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? [47] ?

?????? ????? ??, ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ? ≪????????????≫? ????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????, ?? ?????????? ????????? ???? ? ? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??, ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??, ?? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??, ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????????????? ??????? ?? ????????????????, ????? ??? ????????????? ???? ? ?????????, ??? ≪??≫-? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ≪???? ???????≫ [48] ? ?? ??? ?????? ?, ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????. ????? ???????? ≪??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????≫ ??? ?? ????????

???? ?????? ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? (???????? ???????) ?????? ??????????? ? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ≪???≫ ???????????, ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? [49] ? ?????? ??????? ??, ?? ?????? ? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???????????, ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????, ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????, ?? ??????????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ? ???? ? ???????? ??? ???????, ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????????, ????? ??????????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????????????

????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????-? ????? ? ????? ?????? ????????????? REM ??? ?????????

?? ???? ????????????????? ????? ?? ????, ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? (REM) ????? ???, ??? ????????? ??????????????????????? (????) ??? ?????????????????????? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????, ??? ???? ? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?? REM ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? [50] ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? 6 ???? ?????????? ? ???? ???????? ??? (??? ????????? ? ??? 2 ??? ???? ?????) [51] ? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? 5-20 ???? [52] ? ?????? ?, ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??? ?????????, ?? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ????????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????

REM ??? ????? ????????? ????????????????? ????????????? , ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ? [3] [53] [54] ?

????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????, ?? ???? ? ???????, ????? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ????? ???, ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ?????, ??????????? ? ????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????????, ?? ??? ????? ? ???????, ???? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???, ????? ? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? [55]

??? ?????? ??? REM ??? ????????? ???????????? ? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????, ????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ????, ?? ≪???????? ??????????≫ ???????????????? ????? ?, ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? [56] ? REM ??? ? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???????????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ? ???????, ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?, ? ?? ?? ?????????, ? ??? ???????????? ? ????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? 60-90 ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????

REM ??? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??? 10-12 ???? ???????????. ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? 15-20 ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? 15 ????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????, ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??? 50%-??, ??? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? REM ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????? 99%, ??? ?????????? ???? ? ???????? ?????? REM ????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????????, ???????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??? [57] ?

??? ???????????????? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

REM ????? ? ???? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?, ?? ????? ????????????? ????? ?? ??????? REM ???????? [58] ? REM-? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??? REM-? ?????????? ???? ?, ???????? ??? ????? ???? ? ???????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ? ????????? (?????????) ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? REM ?????????? [59] ?

?????????????????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ??? (????????, ????, ????????, ????????, ???? ? ??????????? )? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??? [60] ? ????? ? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ???????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????????, ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ??? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????????????, ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ? ????????????? ??????? [61] ?

???? ??????????? ?????? ??, ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????, ??? ?? ????? ??????????????? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????, ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????????? 2000 ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????, ??????????, ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????????-????????????? ?????????? [62] ?

????????????? ????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????? ??????? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1976 ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????, ??? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????????? ??, ?? ????? ??????????????, ????? ?????? ?? REM ??? ??????????, ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ??????? 1976 ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?, ?? ??? ????????????, ????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???????, ????????? ?? ??????????? REM ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? REM ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ??, ?????????? ?? ??? ????????????, ????????????? ? ?????????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ??????????? ? ??? ???????????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????????, ???????? ?? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ? ????????????? ? ??? ????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????

??????????????, ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?, ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?, ?? REM ????? ? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? [63] ? ?????????????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ????????, ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????????????? ?? ??????? 1977 ??????? ??????????? ??????????????, ?????? ????????? ???????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????, ??? ????? ??, ?? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ?, ?? ???????????? ? ????? ?????

???????? ?????????? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ???? ?????????? ?, ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ?. ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ? REM ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ???????, ?? ??? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????, ????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?? REM ??? ????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????????? (?????????? ????????????), ??? REM ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ????????????? (?????????????? ????????????) [64] ?

????? ????????? ?, ?? REM ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????, ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????????, ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?, ?? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?, ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????????????? (?? ????? ???), ?? ?????????? ??????????????? (2 ???????? ????) [64] [65] ? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? [66] ?

????????????? ???????????. ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??? ?????????? (2012) REM ????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?, ?? ??????? ? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ? ??? ????????, ?? ?????? ? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????????, ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ? ????? ???????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?, ?? ??? ????????? ???????????????? ? ?????????????????? ????? ? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? REM ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?, ?? ?????????? ? ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? 2 ???????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????????, ???????????, ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?, ?? ??? ??????????? ????????? ? ????????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ??? [67] [68] ?

???????? ??????????? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ???????? ?????????? ?, ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ??, ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?, ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ??????????, ??? ???????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?, ????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??????????, ? ?????? ≪???????? ?????????≫ ?????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? [69] ?

????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ??????????????????

2001 ???????? ???????? ?? ?????????????????? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ?????, ?? ?????????????? ??????????????, ?????????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? [70] ? ?? ???? ? ????????, ???? ?? REM ??? ??????? ????????? ? ??????????? (??? ??????????????? ????) ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ? [71] ?

???? ??? ????????? (??????????? REM ????? ?????????) ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ?? ??? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ? ????????? ???????????, ??? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? [72] ? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? (1886) [73] ??????? ??,?? ?????????, ?? ????? ?? ????? ? ? ???? ?????? ????????, ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ? (????????), ??? ????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ≪???????? ???????????????≫ ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????? (1911) ??? ????????? ?? ??????, ?? ????? ???????? ? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????

??? ????? ???????? ? 1983 ???????? ????? ? ????????? ≪???????? ?????????≫ ????????? ???, ????? ?????? ?, ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ?????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? [74] [75] ? ?? ??? ??????? ???????, ?? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? (???????? ? ??????, 1971)?

??????????? ????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? [76] ?????????? ?, ?? ????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ???, ??? ?????????? ? ???? ?????????????, ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????, ????? ????????? ?? ????????????????????, ?????????? ??, ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??, ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????????? ??, ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??, ??? ???????? ???????? ???????????????

??????????? ????????????? ????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ????????????? ????? ??, ?? ???? ??????? REM ??? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ?, ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? [77] ? ????????? ?????? ?, ?? ≪???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??≫, ? ????? ?????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ≪???? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ???????????? ????????≫ [78] ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????????????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?, ?? ???????? ???????????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????????????? ???, ? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? [79] ?

2005 ????????, ??????????????, ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ≪13 ????, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????≫ ????????? [80] , ????? ?? ?????????? ? ?? ??????? ???????? 2001 ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?, ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????????? ? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????

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

?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??, ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????? ????? ≪????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????≫ ? ????? ?, ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????? [83] ? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ?, ?? ???????? ???????? ?????, ???? ?? ????????????, ?????????? ????????????????, ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????, ?????? ? ??????? ????? ??????? [84] [85] ?

???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?, ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ≪???? ??????????≫ ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?, ?? ????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ????????????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????? ? ?????, ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????????????, ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????, ? ???? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????? ? ????? ??? [86] ? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??, ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????

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??? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? [87] .

  • ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????????? [88] ?
  • ?????? ???????? [89] ?????????? ??, ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??, ??? ????? ? ???????? ?? ???, ?? ?? ?????? ????????????
  • ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????????????? [90] ?
  • ???????? [91] ????? ?, ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ? ≪??? ????????? ?????? ???????≫ ? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????, ????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????
  • ??????? ? ?? ??????? [92] ????????? ??, ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????, ?? ????? ??????? ?? ≪?????? ?????????????≫? ??? ??????????? ???-? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????

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????? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ??????:

1940-????????? ????? 1985 ??????? ?????? ?. ???? ??????? ? ????? ??? 50000 ??????? ????? ????? Western Reserve ?????????????? 1966 ???????? ???? ? ??? ?? ????? ???????????? ≪???????? ?????????????? ???????????????≫ ?????????????, ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? 1000 ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? [93] ? ???????????? ????? ??????, ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? 1990-????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????

????????? ?????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?, ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????????? (??????, ?????????/??????, ?????????/??? ????????????? ???????? ????) ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????????????? ?? ?????????????, ??? ????????????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????????????, ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???, ???? ?????????, ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????

???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ? ??? ???????????? ???, ???????? ?? ??????????? , ????????? , ???????????? ? ??? , ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? [94] ?

????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ????????????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????????, ???????? , ??? , ???????????? ? ????????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???, ??? ?????????? [93] ?

??????? ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ? ?????, ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????, ??? 10% ? ????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ? ??????????? ???????? [93] ? ??? ??? ?????????????????? ????? ? ????, ?? ?? ??????????, ?? ?????? ???????? 8%-? ????? ??????? ??????????????? [95] ? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ≪??? ???????≫ [96] ?

?????? ?????????????? ?? ? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??? ???? ? ?????, ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ? ?????? ??????? [97] ? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? 2008 ???????? ????? ??????????????? ??????, ?? ??? ??????, ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ? ?????? ?????????????, ??????????? ??? 25% ????????? ???? ??, ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ? ?????? ??????? [98] ?

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?? ???????? ??? ?????, ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? (??????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????) ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ? ????? ????? ????? ? ??????????? ≪?? ? ?????? ????≫ ???????? [99] ?

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?? ??????????? ???? ???????:

???????? ?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ???????????????? ????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ??????????????????????? ???? [7] ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??, ?? ≪????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????????????≫? ??? ??? ????????????????? [100] ???????? ????????? 74%-?, ????????? ??????? ?????????? 65%-? ? ????????????? 56%-? ???????? ??, ?? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ?????, ????? ????? ???????????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????, ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????????????

????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? (2009) ????????, ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???, ?? ????? ????????? ?, ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????, ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??, ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? [7] ? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????, ??? ??? ???????????????? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ? ????????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????, ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???, ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ?????????

??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????????? ????????? ???????? (????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ???) ????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? [101] ?

??? ????????? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????? ???????? ??????????????:

???????????? ??????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???, ???? ?????? ????? ???????????? ? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? [102] ? ????? ???????????????? ?? ??????? ?, ????? ?????? ???????????, ???????? ?? ???????? ???????, ???????????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ????????????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????, ??????????????, ????? ? ????????? ???????, ??? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ? ??????? ???? ??????

≪???????????????≫ ??????? ??? ???????????? ? ??? ????????????????????, ????? ?????????????? ??, ?? ???? ?????????????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????????????? ????? ?? ????, ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?? ????????? [103] ? ???? ???? ????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??, ?? ≪???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????≫, ???? ?? ≪1/ ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????, 2/ ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????????, 3/ ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? 4/ ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????????????≫ [104] ?

?????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????????????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ? ??????, ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? [105] ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ?????????????????? ???? [106] ? ≪?????? ????≫ ??????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????, ?? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???????????????? , ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????????????? ??? ?????????? [107] ?

???????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ??????, ? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????? [108] ? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????????????????? ??? ???? ???????, ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????, ??? ??????????? [109] ?

????????? ??????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????

????????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ? ????????? ???????? ????, ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ? ?? ???? ??????? [110] [111] ? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????????? [112] ?

Oneironaut ??????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???? ????????????

???????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1975 ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????? 1975 ??????? ?????? 12-?? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? [113] ?

??????? ??? ???????-???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????.

  • ???????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????
  • ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????, ??? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ????????
  • ??????????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????????, ?????????? ? ??????? [111] ?

?????????????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????????????????? (????), ??????? ????????, ???????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? 2 ???? ??????????? ? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????, ??????????, ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ?? ??????, ? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??? ????? ??? [114] ?

????? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ?????????? ???????? (DAMT) ??? ???????? ??, ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ???, ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? (??? ??? ??????? ?, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????)? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????????????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? [115] ?

????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?, ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ? ????????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? [101] ? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ????????, ??? ??????????? [101] ? ??? ????????, ????? ???????????? ?? ??????????, ???????????? ?? ??????????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ?? ???????????? ???????????, ?????????? ? ???????????, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???-?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????, ?? ??????, ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ????? ? ?????????? [116] ? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ? ?????????????? ????????????

???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????????, ????? ???????? ???? ?? ? ???????, ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??? 95%-? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????, ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ?? REM ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??, ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????, ??? ??? ?? ??????? [117] ? ??????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ????? ? ?? ?? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? (FMRI) ??? ????????????????????? (EMG)? ????????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????????? [118] , ???????? ????????????? [119] ? ??????????? ????????? ??????? (???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????????) [120] [121] ?

????????? ???????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????, ?? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ? ??????? ???????, ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????, ?? ???????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ? ????????? ???? ??? ??????, ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ????, ???????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ? ????????? ??????, ??? ???????????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ? ????????????? ??? (??? ?? ??????????????? ????, ??????? ??, ????? ??????????? ??????, ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????????), ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???????????? [116] ? ?? ??? ????? ????????, ????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? (????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????), ????? ??? ?? ????????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? [116] ?

???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????

??????????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ? ??? ????? [122] ?

??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? ???????

???????? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????????? ?? ???????????????? ????????, ????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? [123] ? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? [123] ? ????????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ?, ?? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????, ????????? ?? ??? ????????, ??????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ???????????, ???????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ≪????????≫ ????? [124] [125] ?

????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ? ?? ??????????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??, ?? ???? ?????????????? ??? ????? ? ????? ???????????? [126] ? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? (?????????????, ??????????? ??? ???? ???????????), ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? , ??????????????? ? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????

???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? ????????????

????????????? , ???? ???? ???????, ????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??, ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????, ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??, ????? ? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ????????????? ??????, ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????

???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? ????????
???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????????:

????????? ???? ???? ?, ??? ????? ? ????????? ???? ?????, ?????????, ????????? ????????, ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? , ?????? ??? ??????????????, ?????????????? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ?????????? ??????, ??????????????, ??????????? ? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? [127] ?

????????? ?????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ???????, ?? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? pavor nocturnus, ???????????? ( ?????????? ) ????????? ?, ?? ??????????? ?????? ? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???, ????? ??? ??????? ???

??? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ ≪Dream≫ . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000 . ??????? ? 2009 ?? ?????? 7-?? .
  2. ↑ Kavanau, J.L. (2000). ≪Sleep, memory maintenance, and mental disorders≫. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences . 12 (2).
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Hobson, J.A. (2009). ≪REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness≫. Nature Reviews Neuroscience . 10 (11): 803?813. doi : 10.1038/nrn2716 . PMID   19794431 .
  4. ↑ Empson, J. (2002). Sleep and dreaming (3rd ed.)., New York: Palgrave/St. Martin's Press
  5. ↑ Cherry, Kendra. (2015). " 10 Facts About Dreams: What Researchers Have Discovered About Dreams ?????????? 2016-02-21 Wayback Machine ." About Education: Psychology . About.com.
  6. ↑ Ann, Lee (2005 ?? ???????? 27). ≪HowStuffWorks "Dreams: Stages of Sleep" ≫ . Science.howstuffworks.com. ?????????? ?????????? 2012 ?? ?????? 15-?? . ??????? ? 2012 ?? ???????? 11-?? .
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Morewedge, Carey K.; Norton, Michael I. ≪When dreaming is believing: The (motivated) interpretation of dreams≫ . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 96 (2): 249?264. doi : 10.1037/a0013264 . PMID   19159131 .
  8. ↑ Freud, S. (1900). The interpretation of dreams. London: Hogarth Press
  9. ↑ Cheung, Theresa (2006). The Dream Dictionary from A to Z . China: HarperElement. ?? 437.
  10. ↑ Lite, Jordan (2010 ?? ??????? 29). ≪How Can You Control Your Dreams?≫ . Scientific America . ?????????? ?????????? 2015 ?? ???????? 2-??.
  11. ↑ Domhoff, W. (2002). The scientific study of dreams. APA Press
  12. ↑ Uluru ? Kata Tjuta National Park: Tjukurpa ? Anangu culture ?????????? ?????? 11, 2009 Wayback Machine environment.gov.au, June 23, 2006
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Seligman, K. (1948), Magic, Supernaturalism and Religion . New York: Random House
  14. ↑ 14,00 14,01 14,02 14,03 14,04 14,05 14,06 14,07 14,08 14,09 14,10 14,11 14,12 14,13 14,14 Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary . Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ???? 71?72, 89?90. ISBN   0714117056 .
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Oppenheim, L.A. (1966). Mantic Dreams in the Ancient Near East in G. E. Von Grunebaum & R. Caillois (Eds.), The Dream and Human Societies (pp. 341?350). London, England: Cambridge University Press.
  16. ↑ Caillois, R. (1966). Logical and Philosophical Problems of the Dream . In G.E. Von Grunebaum & R. Caillos (Eds.), The Dream and Human Societies (pp. 23?52). London, England: Cambridge University Press.
  17. ↑ Nils P. Heessel : Divinatorische Texte I : ... oneiromantische Omina . Harrassowitz Verlag, 2007.
  18. ↑ Lincoln, J.S. (1935). The dream in primitive cultures London: Cressett.
  19. ↑ 1991. languages of dreaming : Anthropological approaches to the study of dreaming In other cultures. In Gackenbach J, Sheikh A, eds, Dream images: A call to mental arms. Amityville, N.Y.: Baywood.
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Bulkeley, Kelly (2008). Dreaming in the world's religions: A comparative history . ???? 71?73. ISBN   978-0-8147-9956-7 .
  21. ↑ O'Neil, C.W. (1976). Dreams, culture and the individual . San Francisco: Chandler & Sharp.
  22. ↑ Cicero, De Republica, VI, 10
  23. ↑ Herodotus (1998). The Histories . Oxford University Press. ??  414 .
  24. ↑ ≪Archived copy≫ . ?????????? ?????????? 2016 ?? ???????? 30-?? . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 26-?? . {{ cite web }} : CS1 ????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ( link )
  25. ↑ ≪Archived copy≫ . ?????????? ?????????? 2017 ?? ??????? 20-?? . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ?????????? 23-?? . {{ cite web }} : CS1 ????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ( link )
  26. ↑ Bar, Shaul (2001). A letter that has not been read: Dreams in the Hebrew Bible . Hebrew Union College Press . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ?????? 4-?? .
  27. ↑ Edgar, Iain (2011). The Dream in Islam: From Qur'anic Tradition to Jihadist Inspiration . Oxford: Berghahn Books. ?? 178. ISBN   978-0-85745-235-1 . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2011 ?? ?????????? 29-?? . ??????? ? 2018 ?? ????????? 1-?? .
  28. ↑ Edgar, Iain R.; Henig, David (2010 ?? ?????????). ≪Istikhara: The Guidance and practice of Islamic dream incubation through ethnographic comparison≫ (PDF) . History and Anthropology . 21 (3): 251?262. doi : 10.1080/02757206.2010.496781 . ?????????? (PDF) ?????????? 2017 ?? ????????? 8-??.
  29. ↑ Krishnananda, Swami (1996 ?? ????????? 16). ≪The Mandukya Upanishad, Section 4≫ . ?????????? ?????????? 2015 ?? ?????? 9-?? . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ????? 26-?? .
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Young, S. (2003). ≪Dreams≫ . The encyclopedia of South Asian Folklore . Vol. 13. ?? 7. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2018 ?? ???????? 25-?? . ??????? ? 2018 ?? ????????? 1-?? – via Indian Folklife.
  31. ↑ Kher, Chitrarekha V. (1992). Buddhism As Presented by the Brahmanical Systems . Sri Satguru Publications. ISBN   81-7030-293-5 .
  32. ↑ Tedlock, B (1981). ≪Quiche Maya dream Interpretation≫ . Ethos . 9 (4): 313?350. doi : 10.1525/eth.1981.9.4.02a00050 .
  33. ↑ Webb, Craig (1995). ≪Dreams: Practical Meaning & Applications≫ . The DREAMS Foundation. ?????????? ?????????? 2016 ?? ????? 5-??.
  34. ↑ ≪Native American Dream Beliefs≫ . Dream Encyclopedia. ?????????? ?????????? 2012 ?? ?????? 15-?? . ??????? ? 2012 ?? ?????? 10-?? .
  35. ↑ ≪The book of the duchess≫ . Washington State University. ?????????? ?????????? 2012 ?? ????????? 14-?? . ??????? ? 2012 ?? ?????? 24-?? .
  36. ↑ ≪William Langland's The Vision Concerning Piers Plowman≫ . The History Guide. ?????????? ?????????? 2012 ?? ??????? 6-?? . ??????? ? 2012 ?? ?????? 24-?? .
  37. ↑ Phillips Lovecraft, Howard (1995). The Dream Cycle of H.P. Lovecraft: Dreams of Terror and Death . Ballantine Books. ISBN   0-345-38421-0 . ?????????? ?????????? 2013 ?? ?????????? 3-??.
  38. ↑ ≪The Neverending Story ? Book ? Pictures ? Video -Icons≫ . Neverendingstory.com. ?????????? ?????????? 2012 ?? ??????? 1-?? . ??????? ? 2012 ?? ?????? 24-?? .
  39. ↑ Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). Science in popular culture: a reference guide . Westport: Greenwood Press . ??  56 . ISBN   0-313-31822-0 .
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 40,2 40,3 40,4 40,5 Van Riper, op. cit., p. 57.
  41. ↑ Freud, S. (1949)., p. 44
  42. ↑ Nagera, Humberto, ed. (2014) [ 1969 ]. ≪Latent dream-content (pp. 31ff.)≫ . Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts on the Theory of Dreams . Abingdon-on-Thames : Routledge . ISBN   1-31767048-5 . 978-1-317-67048-3 . {{ cite book }} : External link in |origyear= ( ?????????? )
  43. ↑ Nagera, Humberto, ed. (2014) [1969]. ≪Manifest content (pp. 52ff.)≫ . Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts on the Theory of Dreams . Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN   1-31767047-7 . 978-1-317-67047-6 .
  44. ↑ Freud, S. New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (pp. 38?70)
  45. ↑ Domhoff, G. W. (2000). Moving Dream Theory Beyond Freud and Jung. Paper presented to the symposium "Beyond Freud and Jung?", Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, CA, 9/23/2000.
  46. ↑ ≪The Folly of Dream Interpretation≫ . Psychology Today (????????). 2013 ?? ??????? 29 . ??????? ? 2018 ?? ???????? 14-?? .
  47. ↑ Jung, 1964, p. 21
  48. ↑ Jung, 1969
  49. ↑ Wegner, D.M.; Wenzlaff, R.M.; Kozak, M. (2004). ≪The Return of Suppressed Thoughts in Dreams≫ . Psychological Science . 15 (4): 232?236. doi : 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00657.x . PMID   15043639 .
  50. ↑ Dement, W.; Kleitman, N. (1957). ≪The Relation of Eye Movements during Sleep to Dream Activity≫ . Journal of Experimental Psychology . 53 (5): 339?346. doi : 10.1037/h0048189 . PMID   13428941 .
  51. ↑ ≪Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep≫ . National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke . 2006. ?????????? ?????????? 2007 ?? ?????????? 11-?? . ??????? ? 2007 ?? ?????????? 16-?? .
  52. ↑ How Dream Works . 2006. ?????????? ?????????? 2006 ?? ?????? 18-?? . ??????? ? 2006 ?? ?????? 4-?? .
  53. ↑ Aston-Jones G., Gonzalez M., & Doran S. (2007). "Role of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in arousal and circadian regulation of the sleep-wake cycle." In G.A. Ordway, M.A. Schwartz, & A. Frazer Brain Norepinephrine: Neurobiology and Therapeutics . Cambridge UP.
  54. ↑ Siegel J.M. (2005). "REM Sleep." Ch. 10 in Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine . 4th ed. M.H. Kryger, T. Roth, & W.C. Dement, eds. Elsevier. 120?135. Accessed July 21, 2010. Psychology.uiowa.edu ?????????? ???????? 23, 2012 Wayback Machine
  55. ↑ Trimble, M. R. (1989). The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe . British Journal of Psychiatry
  56. ↑ Barbara Bolz. " How Time Passes in Dreams ?????????? 2016-01-31 Wayback Machine " in A Moment of Science . Indiana Public Media. September 2, 2009. Accessed August 8, 2010.
  57. ↑ Takeuchi, Tomoka (2005 ?? ??????). ≪Dream mechanisms: Is REM sleep indispensable for dreaming?≫. Sleep & Biological Rhythms . 3 (2): 56?63. doi : 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2005.00165.x .
  58. ↑ Lesku, J. A.; Meyer, L. C. R.; Fuller, A.; Maloney, S. K.; Dell'Omo, G.; Vyssotski, A. L.; Rattenborg, N.C. (2011). ≪Ostriches sleep like platypuses≫ . PLOS ONE . 6 (8): 1?7. doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0023203 . PMC   3160860 . PMID   21887239 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 ????? ????????? ???? DOI ( link )
  59. ↑ Williams, Daniel (2007 ?? ?????? 5). ≪While you were sleeping≫ . Time Magazine. ?????????? ?????????? 2011 ?? ?????????? 3-?? . ??????? ? 2011 ?? ?????????? 9-?? .
  60. ↑ ≪Dream≫ . Encyclopædia Britannica. ?????????? ?????????? 2011 ?? ????????? 11-?? . ??????? ? 2011 ?? ?????????? 26-?? .
  61. ↑ ≪Sleep≫ . Encyclopædia Britannica. ?????????? ?????????? 2011 ?? ????????? 11-?? . ??????? ? 2011 ?? ?????????? 26-?? .
  62. ↑ Williams, Daniel (2007 ?? ?????? 5). ≪While you were sleeping≫ . Time magazine. ?????????? ?????????? 2011 ?? ?????????? 26-?? . ??????? ? 2011 ?? ?????????? 26-?? .
  63. ↑ Solms, M. (2000). Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms (23(6) ed.). Behavioral and Brain Sciences. ???? 793?1121.
  64. ↑ 64,0 64,1 Zhang, Jie (2005). Continual-activation theory of dreaming, Dynamical Psychology . ?????????? ?????????? 2006 ?? ?????? 27-?? . ??????? ? 2006 ?? ????? 13-?? .
  65. ↑ Zhang, Jie (2004). Memory process and the function of sleep (PDF) (6?6 ed.). Journal of Theoretics. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2006 ?? ????? 20-?? . ??????? ? 2006 ?? ????? 13-?? .
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