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?????????? ?????? ???????? , ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? [1] , ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????, ??? ???????????? ????????? ? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? [2] ? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? [3] [4] [5] ? ????????????? ? ??????? ???? ???, ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????, ???? ????????? ?, ?? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????? ????????, ???????? ????? ??? ??? 1993 ???????? ???-? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?. ≪?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ?≫ ? ≪??????????? ? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????, ??? ??????? ?????? ? ???????????? ?????????, ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????????, ????????? ? ??????????? ????????≫ [6] ?

??? -? ????????? ???? ????? ???-? ?????? ????????? ?????????? (????????) ??????? ??????????? ?? 2006 ??????? ?????????? ???? ??

??????????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? 3 ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????????, ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ? [7] ?

?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ≪?????????≫, ?????? ?? ≪?????????≫ ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? , ????????? ??????????? , ??????? ??????????? , ???? ??????????????????? , ????????? ????????????????? , ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? , ????????????? ??????????? ? ????????? ??????????? , ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ?????????????, ???????? ?? ????? , ????? ????? ???????????? , ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? , ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? , ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? , ???? ????????? , ???????? ??????? , ????????????? ? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???????????, ?????????? ? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????, ???????? ?? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????????????????? , ????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ????? [8] ?

??????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? [9] ?

?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????, ???????? ?? ????????????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????? ( ??????????? ), ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? [10] ? ?????????? ??? ???????? [11] ?

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?????? ???????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? , ??? ?????? ? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????, ????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? [12] ?

≪?????? ???????? ??????????≫ ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ? ???? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????????????, ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????????, ???????, ??????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????????, ??? ?????? ???? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????????, ??????????? ??? ????????????? ????????????? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? [13] ?

??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? ????? 1979 ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? 12 ? 19 ?????? [14] ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????? ? ????????????????? ?????? 18-?? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? [15] ? ????? 1993 ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???-? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??, ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????, ??? ??????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? [16] ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ?? 1994 ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????, ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? [17] ? 2003 ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ??? [18] ?

???? ???, ≪????? ?????????????≫ ??????????? ??????????? ? ≪???????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????, ??? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????, ??????????? ??? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ???, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ?????????????≫ [19] ? ≪????? ????????????? ??????????≫ ? ≪?????? ???????? ??????????≫ ??????????????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? [20] ? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????????????? ???????????, ?? ????????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? [21] ? ??????, 1993 ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???-? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ? ??? ?????, ?? ????????? ????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ?, ??? ≪??????????≫ ???? ????????? ? ≪????? ?????????????≫ ?????????????? ??? ?????? [20] ?

??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? 2002 ??????? ??? 5 ?????????? ????? ?, ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ≪????????, ?????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????≫ [22] [23] ?

?? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????, ???????????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????????????, ???????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????, ???????????????, ??????? ???????????, ???????, ????????/??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????, ????? ????? ???????? ????????????????????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ??? ??? ?????????????????, ????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? (?????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ?),

?? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???????????, ???????????? ???????????????, ??????? ???????????, ??????? ????????????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??? ??? ?????????, ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????, ?????? ??? ??????? ????????????????,

?? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????????,

?? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????, ???????????? ???????????, ?????????? ???????????, ??????? ????????????, ???????? ???????????, ?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????????? ?????????

?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ????? ?????????????, ??? ???? ????????, ?? ??????? ?? ? ????????????? ??? ????????????? ?????????????????? ?? ??????????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???, ??? ????????? ? ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???? [24] ? ???? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??, ?? ????????????? ??? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ?? ≪???≫ ????, ??? ???????????? ? ≪????? ????????????? ??????????????≫ ?????????????? ???, ??????????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??, ?? ≪????? ?????????????≫ ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????????? ? ???????????????, ??? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? [25] [26] ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????????, ??? ????????? ? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????, ??? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????? ≪masculinity versus femininity≫ [8] ?

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?????? ??? ???????? ≪Cent Proverbes≫-?? (1845)? ?????????? ? ≪?? ??? ? ??????, ??? ?? ??????? ?≫? ?????????? ?????? ?, ?? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????
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???? (?????????? ????????, ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????
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?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????, ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? (???????????? ???????????????, ??????? ????????????????? ? ????????? ???????????) ????? ???? ??? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? [27] [28] ? ?? ???????? ??????, ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? [29] ?

??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ? ??????, ????? ?, ?? ?????????????? ??? ???? ?????????, ?????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ? [30] ? ???? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????, ??? ??????????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? [31] , ????????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?? ??????????? [30] ?

?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???, ??? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ? ?????????? ??? ????? [32] ? ??????????????? ? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????????????, ????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ????? ? ???????????? ??, ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? [28] [29] ? 1993 ???????? ???-?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?, ?? ≪?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ?, ??? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ? ?????????????? ? ????? ????????????? ?????????????, ? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ?, ???? ??????, ? ????????????? ???????????, ?????????? ?? ??????????≫ [33] [34] ?

??? ???-??≪????????? ??? ?? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ????????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????≫ [29] ? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????????? , ?????????? , ??? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ? ??? ????????, ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????? , ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????????? , ??? ????????????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????????? , ??????????? ???????? ? ????????? ? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????????? (???????? ?? ???????????, ?????????? ? ???????? ??????????????) ????????? ?? ?????????????? ? ??????????? [35] [36] ?

???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???, ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????????????? ?????????/??????????? ?????????? [37] ? ??????? ?????????? ????? 1981 ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? [38] ?

?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????????? ??? ??? ????????? ? ??????????????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????????????, ???? ?????????????, ?????????? ????????????, ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??? [29] [39] ? ????????????, ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????, ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????????, ?? ??? ?????????????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ? ?? ?? ?????????? [29] ? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?, ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????, ?????????? ????????? ? ??????, ??? ??????? ??? ??

?????? ? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????????? 1870-???? ??????????? ???-? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????????, ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ≪????????? ?????? ???????? ?????≫ [40] ? ?????? ???????, ??? ???????? ??? ?????????, ???????? ?? 1871 ???????? [41] ? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ≪??? ?? ????????????≫, ????????? 1891 ???????? [42] [43] ?

20-?? ? 21-?? ????????? ???????????? 1990-???? ???????????, ????????? ?????????????????????? ?? ???????, ?? ?????????? ??????????????, ?????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ? ?????? ?????????????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? [29] ? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ????? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? 2002 ???????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????????? 5 ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????, ??? ≪????? ????????????? ?????????????? 15-44 ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????????????? ???????, ????? ???????? ? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????????????, ??? ???????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????≫ [44] ?

?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ?? ???????????????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?, ??? ?? ?, ??? ???? ???????? ? [28] ? ????????, ????????? ??????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??? ?????, ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?, ??? ???????? ???????????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??? [29] ?

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?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???

  • ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? ????? 1979 ??????? ?????????? , ??? ??? 12 ? 9 ?????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??? [45] ?
  • ?????? ???????????? 1993 ??????? ?????????? , ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???-? ??????????? [45] ?
  • ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???-? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??, ??? ????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? [45] ? ??? ??????????, ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ≪??????????? ?????????????????≫, ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ????? [44] [46] ?
  • 1994 ??????? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???, ?????? ??? ??????????????????? ????????????????? ?? ????????????, ?? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? [45] ?
  • 1996 ???????? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ? ????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? 2002 ??????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????? [27] ? ???-? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????????? [47] ?
  • 1999 ???????? ???-? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ? ????????? 25 -? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? [44] ?
  • 1996 ??????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ≪??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?≫ ??????????????? 2002 ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???, ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????, ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ???, ????? ??????????? ?? 1970-1990-???? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????? [27] ?
  • 2004 ???????? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?? ≪?????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????????≫, ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? 24 000 ?????? ??????? ?????? 10 ?????????? ?????????????? ? ????? ????????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ? ????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ? ????????? ? ????????????????? ??? ??????????????????? ?? ????????????????, ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? [46] ?
  • 2006 ???????? ??????????? ???-? ??????? ?????????? ≪?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????????????≫, ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? [29] ?
  • 2011 ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ????? , ??? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????, ???????? ??????????? ? [45] ?
  • 2013 ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???-? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ????? ????????????? ?????????????????? (????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????????) [45] ?
  • 2013 ???????? ???-? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? [48] ? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ??? ? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ????????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ? ????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????????, ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???-? ??? ????????????????? ???????? ? ????????, ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??? [49] ?

???? ???, ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? (????????, ?????????, ?????????? ???????????) ?????????????, ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????????????? ??? 1960-???? ??????????? ? ??? ???-? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ????? [41] ?

  • 1967 - ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ?? ????????
  • 1972 - ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????
  • 1978 - ????????? 2 ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ?????????
  • 1984 - ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ????????, ??????? ???????????? ? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????????
  • 1994 - ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? , ??? ???????? 1994 ??????? ???? ???????????????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????????????????, ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ????????, ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????
  • 2000 - ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????, ??? ???????, ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????
  • 2006 - ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????????, ????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ? ??????????? ?? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????
  • 2007 - ?????? ? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????
  • 2009 - ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????
  • 2013 - ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????, ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ????????????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ????????????? [50] [51] ?

??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????????, ????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??, ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ????? ? [44] ? ????????, ?? ??????, ?? ?????????? ???????????????????? ? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? [29] [44] [52] [53] ?

????????????? ??? ???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ???????, ??? ????????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????, 2011 ???

??? ≪???????????????? ? ?????? ???????????≫ ??????? ??????? [54] ? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ? ?????? ???????????? ????????-???????????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ≪????? ? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????≫ [55] ? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????, ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????????, ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????????, ???? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???, ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ???, ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????????? ? ????? ??????, ????, ?????????, ?????????, ?????, ??????? ?????????????????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????

??????????? ?, ?? ?????????? ??????????????????? ????? ???????? ???, ??????????? ????? ? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ????? [56] ? ????/???? -? ?? ??? ????? ?, ??? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????/???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? [55] ? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? (???) ????????? ?, ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ???????????????? ????, ???? ?? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??? ? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???, ????? ??? ????????? ????????? [57] ? ??? ??? ???????????????, ??? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ??, ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????, ???? ??? ?????????? , ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ≪?????? ? ???????????????≫ ??????? ??????? ? [55] ?

???? ???, ???? ????????????????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??? ??? ??????????????????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ? [58] [59] ?

???-? ??????????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

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??????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????, ????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????
??? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????????????, ?????????, ??????? ? ??????????? ??????????
????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????, ?????????, ??????? ? ??????????? ??????????, ??????, ???????? ?????????????????? ? ???????????
?????????????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ??????? (??????? ????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????), ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????? (??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????), ??????, ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????, ??????????????, ??????? ????????????????, ?????????? ?????????????????? ? ???????????, ?????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????????????, ????? ????? ????????????? ? ??????????????, ??????? ???????????, ??????????? ??????????, ?????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ??????????
?????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ≪????????????????≫ ??? ???????????, ???????, ????????? ? ??????????? ?????????? [60]

?????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???????????, ?????????? ???????????????????? ? ????????????-??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?? ?????????? ? ????????????-??????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????????, ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ≪?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????≫ -?, ??? ????????? ? ≪????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????≫ ? ???????? ???????????? ? ≪?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????≫ -? [61] ? ???? ???, ???-? ??????? ????????? ????????? 25-? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? [62] ?

????????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????

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???????? ??????? ??????????????

??????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?, ??? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????????? ??? ????????

?????????? ?????????? 2008 ???????? ????????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????? 100 000 ??????? ????????????? ??? ? ?????? ???????? 0.1%-?, ?????????? ? 91.6%-?, ????????? ? 4.9%-? [63] ? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? (1995)? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????? [64] [65] ? ????????????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ???????, ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ??????????? [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] ?

????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? [71] ? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????????, ?????? ??? ??? ??????????, ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ?

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???????????????? ???? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ≪?????? ????????≫ ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ?????????????, ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ? ?????????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ≪???? ???????≫ [72] [73] [74] [75] ? ?????????? 2016 ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? 552 ??????? ???, ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ????

?????????? ?????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

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?????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ????????????? ?? ????????????, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ????????????, ???? ?????????? ?, ?????? ??? ? ???????????? ? ?????????? ? ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ???????????????? ???????????? , ????????????? , ????????????? , ?????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? 1960-???? ? 1970-???? ???????????, ??? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????????????, ?????? 30 ?????? ??, ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ????? 1970 ???????, ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?? ????? 1980-????????? ? 1990-?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ? ????? ?? ???????? 2000-???? ????????????

?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ? ???????? 1983 ????????, ??? ???? ??????????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? [76] [77] [78] ? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? 1990 ???????? [79] ? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ? 1970-???? ?????????? ???????, ? 1993 ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??, ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? [80] ? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ? ?????????? 1991 ????????? ??? 1736 ??????? ≪The History of the Pleas of the Crown≫ ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? 250 ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? 1991 ???????? ???????? ???? ≪R ?????? R≫ ????????????? ????????????? [81] ? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ?????????? ? ???????? 1991 ???????? [82] ? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????, ??? ???????????? ??? ????????, ????????? ??? 1997 ???????? [83] ?

???? ???????? ( ??????????????? ? ????? ) ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???? 7:3-5-??? ?????? ?, ?? ???? ≪?????????? ???????????????? ?≫ ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????? ??? (? ????????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????, ??? ???? ? ?????????)? ≪??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??, ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??, ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????????≫ [84] [85] ? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????????? ????? [86] ? ?????? ?? ???????????? ? ???????????? ??? ??????? ???????????????????? ≪?????? ???????? ???? ?? ≪??? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ???????≫ ? ??????? ??????? ?, ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ? ????????, ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????≫ [87] ? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????????????????? ????????????? ?? ????????? [88] [89] ?

????????? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????
????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?

?????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????, ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????????????, ??? ???????? ??, ??? ????????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ???????? [90] ? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???, ??? ?????????? 2005 ???????? ??????? ???????????? 1181 ??? ? 329 ??????? ? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? [91] [92] ? ?????????? ? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??? 100 ??? ? 2010 ??????? ?????????? 21 ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? [93] ? 2008 ???????? ??????????? 156 ??? ? 27 ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ???? [94] ?

??????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? 38%-? ??????? ?? ????? ????????????? [95] ? ??? ??? -? ????????, ??? ??????? ? ????????? 71 ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????????? ????? ???, ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? [96] ?

???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??, ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? [97] [98] [99] ?

????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????????? ? ??? ?????? 12 ??????????????? ?????????? ? ??????, ?? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ? [100] ?

??? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ????????????????????, ??? ????? ? ??? ???????? ???????????? [101] , ????-??????, ?????????????? ? ????????? ??? ????????????????????, ????? 2 ??? ???? ????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?, ????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? [102] ?

?????????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????????????? DSM-5-? (??????? ????????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ?????????) ????? (2013) ?????????? ?? ?????????????????? ?? ???? ????????????, ????? ??? ?? ?????? ≪????? ????????? ?????????? ????????≫ ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? (≪?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????≫ ?????????)? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???, ???????????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ??????????? ≪??????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????≫? ???? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?, ?? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?, ??? ?????????? ????? ??????????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? (?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????, 2000)? ??? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ≪?????????? ??? ??????????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ?????? ???????-??? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????????≫?

?????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ≪????????≫ ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????, ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????????????? ????????????????? ??????, ≪????????? ????? ? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ????, ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????????????? ? ?????????, ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????????????, ????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????≫?

??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??, ?? ≪???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ? ??? ????????, ?? ???? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????, ?????? ????? ?????? ? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????≫? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???? ??????????????? ?, ???????? ???? ?? ? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????, ? ????????? ???? ? ??????, ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????

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?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ Russo, Nancy Felipe; Angela Pirlott (2006). ≪Gender-Based Violence: Concepts, Methods, and Findings≫. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1087 : 178?205. doi : 10.1196/annals.1385.024 .
  2. ↑ ≪≪?????? ???????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ?????≫ ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????≫ . ???????? ????????. ?????????, 2017. {{ cite web }} : |first= missing |last= ( ?????????? ) CS1 ????? ???????? ????????: authors list ( link )
  3. ↑ Angelari, Marguerite (1997). ≪Hate Crime Statutes: A Promising Tool for Fighting Violence Against Women≫. In Karen J. Maschke (ed.). Pornography, sex work, and hate speech . Taylor & Francis.
  4. ↑ Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. (2013). Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies . Sage.
  5. ↑ McPhail, Beverly (2003). ≪Gender-Bias Hate Crimes: A Review≫. In Barbara Perry (ed.). Hate and bias crime: a reader . Psychology Press.
  6. ↑ ≪A/RES/48/104 - Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women≫ . United Nations General Assembly . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  7. ↑ Moradian, Azad (2010 ?? ?????????? 10). ≪Domestic Violence against Single and Married Women in Iranian Society≫ . Tolerancy.org . The Chicago School of Professional Psychology. ?????????? ?????????? 2012 ?? ?????? 25-?? . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ????? 1-?? .
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Prugl, E. (Director) (25 November 2013). Violence Against Women. Gender and International Affairs Class 2013. Lecture conducted from The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID), Geneva, Switzerland.
  9. ↑ (1997). Violence against women: Definition and scope of the problem. World Health Organization, 1, 1-3. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  10. ↑ Directive 2002/73/EC - equal treatment of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions [1]
  11. ↑ ≪ "Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JH" ≫ (PDF) . Official Journal of the European Union . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????? 4-?? .
  12. ↑ ≪Details of Treaty No.210: Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence≫ . Council of Europe . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????? 3-?? .
  13. ↑ ???????????? (11.05.2011). ≪???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????≫ .
  14. ↑ ≪General recommendations adopted by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women≫ . United Nations. 2003 ?? ?????????? 31 . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????? 3-?? .
  15. ↑ ≪Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action≫ . refworld. 1993 ?? ??????? 12 . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????? 3-?? .
  16. ↑ ≪What We Do: Ending Violence against Women: Global Norms and Standards≫ . UN Women . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????? 3-?? .
  17. ↑ ≪Inter-American Convention On The Prevention, Punishment And Eradication Of Violence Against Women "Convention Of Belem Do Para" ≫ . Organization of American States . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????? 3-?? .
  18. ↑ ≪Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa≫ (PDF) . African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2022 ?? ????? 2-?? . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????? 3-?? .
  19. ↑ Richters, J. M. (1994). Women, Culture and Violence; a Development, Health and Human Rights Issue.Women Autonomy Centre (VENA), 1, 1-205.
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Krantz, G.; Garcia-Moreno, C. (2005). ≪Violence against Women≫ . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health . 59 (10): 818?821. doi : 10.1136/jech.2004.022756 . JSTOR   25570854 . PMC   1732916 . PMID   16166351 .
  21. ↑ Sen, P. (1998). ≪Development Practice and Violence against Women≫. Gender and Development . 6 (3): 7?16. doi : 10.1080/741922827 . JSTOR   4030497 .
  22. ↑ ≪Council of Europe Committee of Ministers: Recommendation 2002(5)≫ . hrlibrary.umn.edu . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ????????? 10-?? .
  23. ↑ ≪Recommendations of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the protection of women against violence≫ (PDF) . Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. 2002 ?? ?????? 30 . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????? 3-?? .
  24. ↑ Erturk, Y. (2009). ≪Towards a Post-Patriarchal Gender Order: Confronting the universality and the particularity of violence against women≫. Sociologisk Forskning . 46 (4): 61?70. JSTOR   20853687 .
  25. ↑ Visaria, L. (2000). ≪Violence against Women: A Field Study≫. Economic and Political Weekly . 35 (20): 1742?1751. JSTOR   4409296 .
  26. ↑ Michau, L. (2007). ≪Approaching Old Problems in New Ways: Community Mobilisation as a Primary Prevention Strategy to Combat Violence against Women≫. Gender and Development . 15 (1): 95?109. doi : 10.1080/13552070601179144 . JSTOR   20461184 .
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 Krug, Etienne G; Mercy, James A; Dahlberg, Linda L; Zwi, Anthony B (2002 ?? ?????????). ≪The world report on violence and health≫. The Lancet . 360 (9339): 1083?1088. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0 .
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 Watts, Charlotte; Zimmerman, Cathy (2002 ?? ?????). ≪Violence against women: global scope and magnitude≫. The Lancet . 359 (9313): 1232?1237. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08221-1 . PMID   11955557 .
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 29,2 29,3 29,4 29,5 29,6 29,7 29,8 ≪In-depth study on all forms of violence against women. Report of the Secretary-General≫ . United Nations General Assembly . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ?????????? 2-?? .
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Ireland, Patricia. ≪Script≫ . No Safe Place: Violence Against Women . PBS . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ?????????? 2-?? .
  31. ↑ Stedman, Berne (1917 ?? ???????). ≪Right of Husband to Chastise Wife≫ . Virginia Law Register . 3 (4): 241 . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ?????????? 2-?? .
  32. ↑ Penelope Harvey & Peter Gow Sex and violence : issues in representation and experience (1994) p. 36 Routledge 0-415-05734-5
  33. ↑ A/RES/48/104. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women . United Nations.
  34. ↑ Addressing Gender-Based Violence: Advancing Human Rights ?????????? 2014-10-21 Wayback Machine . UNFPA.
  35. ↑ ≪Papua New Guinea: Police Cite Bride Price Major Factor in Marital Violence≫ . Violence is not our Culture. 2011 ?? ????????? 21. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2015 ?? ???????? 18-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  36. ↑ ≪An Exploratory Study of Bride Price and Domestic Violence in Bundibugyo District, Uganda≫ (PDF) . Centre for Human Rights Advancement (Cehura). 2012 ?? ?????. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2013 ?? ??????? 17-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  37. ↑ ≪The Face of Honour Based Crimes: Global Concerns and Solutions≫ (PDF) . International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences . 6 (1 & 2). 2011. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2015 ?? ???????? 18-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  38. ↑ Before 1981, Art. 587 read: He who causes the death of a spouse, daughter, or sister upon discovering her in illegitimate carnal relations and in the heat of passion caused by the offence to his honour or that of his family will be sentenced to three to seven years. The same sentence shall apply to whom, in the above circumstances, causes the death of the person involved in illegitimate carnal relations with his spouse, daughter, or sister. [2]
  39. ↑ Uma Narayan, Cross?Cultural Connections, Border?Crossings, and "Death by Culture": Thinking about Dowry-Murders in India and Domestic?Violence Murders in the United States. In Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions and Third World Feminism (New York: Routledge, 1997): 83?117.
  40. ↑ Calvert R (1974). ≪Criminal and civil liability in husband-wife assaults≫. In Steinmetz S, Straus M (eds.). Violence in the family . New York: Harper & Row. ???? 88?91.
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Violence Against Women (OVM). ≪The History of the Violence Against Women Act≫ (PDF) . U.S. Department of Justice. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2011 ?? ?????????? 17-?? . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ?????????? 2-?? .
  42. ↑ R. v. Jackson [1891]. 1 Q.B. 671
  43. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, 1911. Article Corporal punishment
  44. ↑ 44,0 44,1 44,2 44,3 44,4 Venis, Sarah; Horton, Richard (2002 ?? ?????). ≪Violence against women: a global burden≫. The Lancet . 359 (9313): 1172. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08251-X .
  45. ↑ 45,0 45,1 45,2 45,3 45,4 45,5 ≪Global Norms and Standards: Ending Violence against Women≫ . UN Women . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ?????????? 2-?? .
  46. ↑ 46,0 46,1 Garcia-Moreno, Claudia (2005). WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women (PDF) . Switzerland: WHO. ISBN   924159358X . ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2017 ?? ????????? 18-?? . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ????????? 11-?? .
  47. ↑ Fried, Susana T. "Violence against Women". Health and Human Rights 6.2 (2003): 88.
  48. ↑ ≪Protection of Women Human Rights Defenders≫ . The Norway Post. 2013 ?? ????????? 30. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2013 ?? ?????????? 13-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  49. ↑ ≪UN adopts landmark resolution on Protecting Women Human Rights Defenders≫ . AWID. 2013 ?? ????????? 28. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2014 ?? ???????? 19-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  50. ↑ Kohlman, Cindy. "Inceptia Institute Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) New Reporting Requirements Effective July 1, 2015 ? Are You Ready? Inceptia Institute, 9 June 2015.
  51. ↑ "Tribal Justice: Prosecuting Non-Natives for Sexual Assault on Reservations". PBS. 5 September 2015.
  52. ↑ Fawole (2003). ≪Interventions for Violence Prevention among Young Female Hawkers in Motor Parks in South-Western Nigeria: A Review of Effectiveness≫. African Journal of Reproductive Health . 7 : 71?82. doi : 10.2307/3583347 . JSTOR   3583347 .
  53. ↑ ≪Violence against women≫ . WHO . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ?????????? 2-?? .
  54. ↑ Fried, S. T. (2003). ≪Violence against Women≫. Health and Human Rights . 6 (2): 88?111. doi : 10.2307/4065431 . JSTOR   4065431 .
  55. ↑ 55,0 55,1 55,2 Fried, S. T. (2003). ≪Violence against Women≫. Health and Human Rights . 6 (2): 88?111 [91]. doi : 10.2307/4065431 . JSTOR   4065431 .
  56. ↑ Colarossi, L. (2005). ≪A Response to Danis & Lockhart: What Guides Social Work Knowledge about Violence Against Women?≫ . Journal of Social Work Education . 41 (1): 147?159. doi : 10.5175/jswe.2005.200400418 . JSTOR   23044038 .
  57. ↑ "Violence against women" . World Health Organization (1 September 2011).
  58. ↑ Maffly, Brian (21 March 2009). "BYU study links women's safety, nation's peace" ?????????? 2010-02-02 Wayback Machine . The Salt Lake Tribune
  59. ↑ ≪The Great Divide: Revealing Differences in the Islamic World Regarding the Status of Women and its Impact on International Peace≫ (PDF) . 2007 . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  60. ↑ ≪Violence against women: Definition and scope of the problem≫ (PDF) . World Health Organization. 1997 ?? ?????? . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ????????? 30-?? .
  61. ↑ ≪Rosche, D., & Dawe, A. (2013). Ending Violence Against Women: the Case for a Comprehensive International Action Plan. Oxfam Briefing Note, 1, 1-10≫ (PDF) . Oxfam. ?? 2. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2017 ?? ?????????? 25-?? . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ????????? 29-?? .
  62. ↑ ≪International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women≫ . United Nations . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????? 3-?? .
  63. ↑ "Rape at the National Level, number of police recorded offenses". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
  64. ↑ American Medical Association (1995) Sexual Assault in America. AMA.
  65. ↑ ≪A gap or a chasm? Attrition in reported rape cases≫ (PDF) . ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2011 ?? ????? 14-?? . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ?????????? 31-?? .
  66. ↑ Abbey, A.; BeShears, R.; Clinton-Sherrod, A. M.; McAuslan, P. (2004). ≪Similarities and differences in women's sexual assault experiences based on tactics used by the perpetrator≫ (PDF) . Psychology of Women Quarterly . 28 : 323?332. doi : 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00149.x . ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2013 ?? ???????? 8-??.
  67. ↑ ≪Statistics≫ . Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network . ??????? ? 2008 ?? ???????? 1-?? .
  68. ↑ Alberto R. Gonzales et al. Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Rape Victimization: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey . U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. January 2006
  69. ↑ ≪Sexual Assault in Australia: A Statistical Overview, 2004≫ . Abs.gov.au. 2006 ?? ?????????? 8.
  70. ↑ ≪Rape and sexual assault of women: findings from the British Crime Survey≫ (PDF) . ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2011 ?? ???????? 18-?? . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ?????????? 31-?? .
  71. ↑ ≪Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Rape Survivors≫ . The American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress. 1995 . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ?????? 30-?? .
  72. ↑ ≪Rape victim threatened to withdraw case in UP≫ . zeenews.india.com. Press Trust of India. 2011 ?? ????? 19 . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 3-?? .
  73. ↑ ≪Stigmatization of rape & honor killings≫ . WISE Muslim Women. 2002 ?? ???????? 31. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2012 ?? ????????? 8-?? . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 3-?? .
  74. ↑ Harter, Pascale (2011 ?? ??????? 14). ≪Libya rape victims 'face honour killings' ≫ . BBC News . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 3-?? .
  75. ↑ ≪Morocco protest after raped Amina Filali kills herself≫ . BBC News. 2012 ?? ????? 15.
  76. ↑ O'Grady William (2011). Crime in Canadian Context: debates and controversies. Oxford University Press 0195433785 .
  77. ↑ ≪Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics Profile Series≫ (PDF) . Statistics Canada. 2010 ?? ?????? 17 . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  78. ↑ ≪Sexual Assault in Canada: What Do We Know?≫ (PDF) . The Sex Information and Education Council of Canada. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2014 ?? ??????? 22-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  79. ↑ Jennifer Temkin, Rape and the legal process , Oxford University Press, 2002 0198763549 , p. 86.
  80. ↑ ≪N.C. the last state to outlaw marital rape≫ . The Daily Gazette . 1993 ?? ??????? 2 . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  81. ↑ ≪R v R [1991] UKHL 12 (23 October 1991)≫ . British and Irish Legal Information Institute . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  82. ↑ Zeegers, Nicolle. ≪What Epistemology Would Serve Criminal Law Best in Finding the Truth about Rape?≫ (PDF) . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? . (???????? ?????)
  83. ↑ Kieler, Marita. ≪Tatbestandsprobleme der sexuellen Notigung, Vergewaltigung sowie des sexuellen Mißbrauchs widerstandsunfahiger Personen≫ (PDF) . Tenea. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2013 ?? ?????????? 20-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  84. ↑ ≪1 ???????????≫ . www.armenianchurchlibrary.com . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ????????? 19-?? .
  85. ↑ ≪1 corinthians 7:3-7:5 NKJV≫ . Bible Gateway . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  86. ↑ ≪Valley paper criticized over pastor's column on spousal rape≫ . Alaska Dispatch. 2011 ?? ??????? 22. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2013 ?? ?????????? 29-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  87. ↑ ≪Hadith 4:460≫ . Sacred-texts.com . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  88. ↑ Josh Halliday (2010 ?? ????????? 8). ≪Islam Channel censured by Ofcom≫ . The Guardian . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  89. ↑ ≪Cleric 'must deny' views on rape≫ . BBC News. 2009 ?? ???????? 22.
  90. ↑ ≪Intimate partner violence: overview≫ . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2007 ?? ???????? 11-?? . ??????? ? 2007 ?? ?????????? 4-?? .
  91. ↑ ≪Injury prevention & control: division of violence prevention: Intimate partner violence: consequences≫ . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  92. ↑ ≪Wheel gallery≫ . The Duluth Model. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2011 ?? ??????? 28-??.
  93. ↑ ≪All domestic abuse deaths to have multi-agency review≫ . BBC news. 2011 ?? ?????? 13 . ??????? ? 2011 ?? ?????? 14-?? .
  94. ↑ L'action du ministere dans le cadre des violences au sein du couple / Aide aux victimes: presentation des differents dispositifs (PDF) (French). Ministere de l'Interieur. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2012 ?? ????? 20-?? . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? . {{ cite book }} : CS1 ????? ????????? ????? ( link )
  95. ↑ ≪Violence against women≫ . World Health Organization . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 6-?? .
  96. ↑ ≪Ethiopian women are most abused≫ . BBC News. 2006 ?? ?????????? 11.
  97. ↑ Clarke, Kris (2011 ?? ???????). ≪The paradoxical approach to intimate partner violence in Finland≫. International Perspectives in Victimology . Tokiwa University via The Press at California State University. 6 (1): 9?19. doi : 10.5364/ipiv.6.1.19 . Available through academia.edu.
  98. ↑ McKie, Linda; Hearn, Jeff (2004 ?? ???????). ≪Gender-neutrality and gender equality: comparing and contrasting policy responses to 'domestic violence' in Finland and Scotland≫. Scottish Affairs . Edinburgh University Press. 48 (1): 85?107. doi : 10.3366/scot.2004.0043 . Pdf.
  99. ↑ Case Closed: Rape and Human Rights in the Nordic Countries (PDF) (Report). Amnesty International. 2008 ?? ?????????. ???? 89?91. {{ cite report }} : CS1 ????? postscript ( link )
  100. ↑ Bott, Sarah; Guedes, Alessandra; Goodwin, Mary; Mendoza, Jennifer Adams (2012). Violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean: a comparative analysis of population-based data from 12 countries . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Pan American Health Organization. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2017 ?? ?????????? 11-?? . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ????????? 19-?? . English pdf. ?????????? 4 ??????? 2016 Wayback Machine Spanish pdf. ?????????? 8 ????? 2015 Wayback Machine
  101. ↑ Girshick, Lori B. (2002 ?? ?????????). ≪No sugar, no spice: reflections on research on woman-to-woman sexual violence≫ . Violence Against Women . Sage. 8 (12): 1500?1520. doi : 10.1177/107780102237967 .
  102. ↑ Rose, Suzana. ≪Lesbian partner violence fact sheet≫ . Medical University of South Carolina.

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