??????????? ????????

??????????? ????????? ??????? ??, ??????????? ?? ?????? , ?????? ?????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????, ??? ????? ??????? ? ≪????≫, ?????? ?????????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????, ????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????, ??????? ? ???????? ^[2]? ????????????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????????????, ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????????? 2018 ???????? ?????????? ? 1 ??????? ?????? ^[1]?

???????? ????????? ?, ??? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ??????? , ?????????? ? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ? ????????? , ????????????? , ??????????????? ??? ??? ? ???????? ???????????? ????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? , ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????, ??????????? ????????????????? ? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? , ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?, ? ??? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ^[3]?

???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ?, ? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??? 33%-? ????? ? ??????? ^[4]? 2015 ???????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? 86%-? ?????????? ? ???????, ??? ????? 70%-? ???? ? ??? ?????? ??? ??????, ??? 56%-?? ?????? ?????? ^[5]? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? , ???? ? ?????? ????????, ? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ? 3%-?? ????? 50%?

??? ???? ???? ????????? ????????????? ????? ? ?????, ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? (??? 10000 ?.?.?.) ^[6]? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??????, ? ??? ????????????? ????? ?????, ??? ??????????????? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??, ????? ?????? ??, ?? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ^[7]?

???????????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ? ????????? ? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?, ??? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ^[8]?

???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ?, ??? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? (????????? ? ?????????????), ????, ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ? 1,2% ????? 8,5%, ??? ????? ??? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ≪?????? ?????≫?

???????????? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????????? ???? (??? ?????? ? ????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ???? ???) ???? ????? ?, ??? ????????? ? ????????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???? ? ???????? ????????, ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???, ??????? ?? ???? ????

???????????? ???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????????? 15-17% ??????????? ???????????????, ????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????????, ???????? ? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??? ????, ???? ???????? ?

???????????? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????

????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????? ??????????? ????? ?, ??? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ???????, ??????????????, ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????? ? ???????? 3% ????? ????? ??? 20%? ???????????? ??? ?, ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ? ???????

?????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?, ??? ??????????? ? ????????? ????? ?????? ≪?????????≫? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ^[9]?

???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ???????????? ??????? ?, ??? ??????????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? (??????? ??? ???????), ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ? 9%-?? ????? 16%?

??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???????, ???????? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ???????

??????? ????? , ???????? ? ?????????? ???????? , ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????

??????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??, ????? ?????????? ?? ??????????, ?????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ^[10]? ???????????, ????? ??????????? ?????????, ????? ????? ??????? 20% ???????? ???????????????, ??????? ?? ???????? ^[11]? ????????????? ????? ????????? ?????, ???????? ?? ?????? ? ????, ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ? ??? 40%? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? , ???? , ?????? , ??????? , ?????? , ??????? ? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????

???????? ????? ???? ?, ???????? ? ????????? ??? ?????? , ???? ????????? ? ????? ????? (????????? ?????? ) ^[12]? ???????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?, ??? ??? ????? ? ??????????

??????????? ?????? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ???????????? ??? ???? ????? 2016?.-??: ???????? ???????????? ??????? ? 15 ??????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????: ^[13]

2016 ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? 39%, ??? ?????? ?????? 25% (????????? ?????? 2,4 ??????? ????)? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ^[4]?

??????????? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?, ??? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????? , ?????????? ? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????, ????? ????????? ??? ??, ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??????, ???????? ??????? ? ???????

????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??? ????????????????? ??????????? ? 6,93 ??????????? (29,0 ??) ??? ???? ?????????? (5,47 ???? ??? 22,9 ??/??)? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ^[14]? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???-??? ???????? ?????????? 44 ?? ?, ??? 40% ??????? ??????? ?????? 14 ???? ? 98 ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????????, ????? ?????????? ?? ????????????

??????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????????????? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????????, ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ??? ??? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ? ????? ??????? ????????????? 2013?2014??.-? ???????????, ???-??? 20 ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? 6,8 ????/??, ??? ?????????? ?????? 15,5 ????/?? ^[15]?

?????? ?, ?? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? , ???, ??? ???????, ≪?????????? ?≫ ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ^[16]^[17]? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ? ????? ???????????????-А, ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?, ??? ??????????? ??????????????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?, ? ?????, ?????? ??????????? ?????????????

???????? ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ^[18]? ??????????????, ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ????, ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????????, ????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????

????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????, ??????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???, ???? ?? ??? ?????????????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ^[19]? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?, ??? ??????????? ? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ^[20]? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????????????? 9%-?? ????? 16%, ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ? 12,5-14,5% ??????????? ^[21]? ???????? ???????? (????????? ????????) ????? ?? ?????????? 20% ??????? ??? ??????

??? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ≪Worldwide Alcohol Consumption Declines -1.6%≫ . International Wines and Spirits Record (ISWR). 2019 ?? ?????? 30 . ??????? ? 2019 ?? ??????? 4-?? .
↑ ≪Minimum Legal Age Limits≫ . IARD.org . International Alliance for Responsible Drinking. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2016 ?? ?????? 4-?? . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 23-?? .
↑ ≪No level of alcohol consumption is safe for our health≫ . www.who.int (????????) . ??????? ? 2023 ?? ???????? 12-?? .
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 Griswold, Max G.; Fullman, Nancy; Hawley, Caitlin; Arian, Nicholas; Zimsen, Stephanie R M.; Tymeson, Hayley D.; Venkateswaran, Vidhya; Tapp, Austin Douglas; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Salama, Joseph S.; Abate, Kalkidan Hassen; Abate, Degu; Abay, Solomon M.; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi; Abebe, Zegeye; Aboyans, Victor; Abrar, Mohammed Mehdi; Acharya, Pawan; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Adhikari, Tara Ballav; Adsuar, Jose C.; Afarideh, Mohsen; Agardh, Emilie Elisabet; Agarwal, Gina; Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi; Agrawal, Sutapa; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Akibu, Mohammed; ? ????: (August 2018). ≪Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990?2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016≫ . The Lancet . 392 (10152): 1015?35. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2 . PMC 6148333 . PMID 30146330 .
↑ ≪Alcohol Facts and Statistics≫ . National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism . National Institute of Health. August 2018. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2015 ?? ?????? 18-?? . ??????? ? 2018 ?? ?????????? 8-?? .
↑ Charles H, Patrick; Durham, NC (1952). Alcohol, Culture, and Society . Duke University Press (reprint edition by AMS Press, New York, 1970). ???? 26?27. ISBN 978-0-404-04906-5 .
↑ Zielinski, Sarah (2011 ?? ?????????? 16). ≪The Alcoholics of the Animal World≫ . Smithsonian .
↑ Nelson, Max (2005). The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe . Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ?? 1. ISBN 978-0-415-31121-2 . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ?????????? 21-?? .
↑ Super, "Alcoholic Beverages", pp. 45?46.
↑ ≪Distilled spirit/distilled liquor≫ . Britannica.com . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 5-?? .
↑ Lichine, Alexis. Alexis Lichine's New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits (5th edition) (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), 707?709.
↑ Lichine, Alexis (1987). Alexis Lichine's New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits (5th ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ?? 236 . ISBN 978-0-394-56262-9 .
↑ ≪Alcohol consumption per person≫ . Our World in Data . ??????? ? 2020 ?? ???????? 15-?? .
↑ ≪Composition of Foods Raw, Processed, Prepared USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26 Documentation and User Guide≫ (PDF) . USDA . August 2013. ?? 14.
↑ ≪What We Eat in America, NHANES 2013-2014≫ (PDF) .
↑ Robert Metz; ? ????: (1969). ≪Potentiation of the Plasma Insulin Response to Glucose by Prior Administration of Alcohol≫ (PDF) . Diabetes . 18 (8): 517?22. doi : 10.2337/diab.18.8.517 . PMID 4897290 . S2CID 32072796 .
↑ Shelmet, JJ; Reichard, GA; Skutches, CL; Hoeldtke, RD; Owen, OE; Boden, G (1988). ≪Ethanol Causes Acute Inhibition of Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Oxidation and Insulin Resistance≫ . J. Clin. Invest . 81 (4): 1137?45. doi : 10.1172/JCI113428 . PMC 329642 . PMID 3280601 .
↑ Scinska, A; Koros, E; Habrat, B; Kukwa, A; Kostowski, W; Bienkowski, P (2000). ≪Bitter and sweet components of ethanol taste in humans≫. Drug and Alcohol Dependence . 60 (2): 199?206. doi : 10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00149-0 . PMID 10940547 .
↑ ≪6 Secrets of Cooking with Wine≫ .
↑ Parker, Robert M. (2008). Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide, 7th Edition . Simon and Schuster. ?? 15. ISBN 978-1-4391-3997-4 .
↑ Jancis Robinson (2006). The Oxford Companion to Wine (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860990-2 . See alcoholic strength at p. 10.

[IWSR-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ≪Worldwide Alcohol Consumption Declines -1.6%≫ . International Wines and Spirits Record (ISWR). 2019 ?? ?????? 30 . ??????? ? 2019 ?? ??????? 4-?? .

[IARD-2] ≪Minimum Legal Age Limits≫ . IARD.org . International Alliance for Responsible Drinking. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2016 ?? ?????? 4-?? . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ??????? 23-?? .

[3] ≪No level of alcohol consumption is safe for our health≫ . www.who.int (????????) . ??????? ? 2023 ?? ???????? 12-?? .

[Lancet2018GBD-4] 4,0 ^4,1 Griswold, Max G.; Fullman, Nancy; Hawley, Caitlin; Arian, Nicholas; Zimsen, Stephanie R M.; Tymeson, Hayley D.; Venkateswaran, Vidhya; Tapp, Austin Douglas; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Salama, Joseph S.; Abate, Kalkidan Hassen; Abate, Degu; Abay, Solomon M.; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi; Abebe, Zegeye; Aboyans, Victor; Abrar, Mohammed Mehdi; Acharya, Pawan; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Adhikari, Tara Ballav; Adsuar, Jose C.; Afarideh, Mohsen; Agardh, Emilie Elisabet; Agarwal, Gina; Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi; Agrawal, Sutapa; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Akibu, Mohammed; ? ????: (August 2018). ≪Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990?2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016≫ . The Lancet . 392 (10152): 1015?35. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2 . PMC 6148333 . PMID 30146330 .

[niaaa-5] ≪Alcohol Facts and Statistics≫ . National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism . National Institute of Health. August 2018. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2015 ?? ?????? 18-?? . ??????? ? 2018 ?? ?????????? 8-?? .

[6] Charles H, Patrick; Durham, NC (1952). Alcohol, Culture, and Society . Duke University Press (reprint edition by AMS Press, New York, 1970). ???? 26?27. ISBN 978-0-404-04906-5 .

[7] Zielinski, Sarah (2011 ?? ?????????? 16). ≪The Alcoholics of the Animal World≫ . Smithsonian .

[Nelson_2005-8] Nelson, Max (2005). The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe . Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ?? 1. ISBN 978-0-415-31121-2 . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ?????????? 21-?? .

[9] Super, "Alcoholic Beverages", pp. 45?46.

[10] ≪Distilled spirit/distilled liquor≫ . Britannica.com . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 5-?? .

[11] Lichine, Alexis. Alexis Lichine's New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits (5th edition) (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), 707?709.

[ALE-12] Lichine, Alexis (1987). Alexis Lichine's New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits (5th ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ?? 236 . ISBN 978-0-394-56262-9 .

[13] ≪Alcohol consumption per person≫ . Our World in Data . ??????? ? 2020 ?? ???????? 15-?? .

[14] ≪Composition of Foods Raw, Processed, Prepared USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26 Documentation and User Guide≫ (PDF) . USDA . August 2013. ?? 14.

[15] ≪What We Eat in America, NHANES 2013-2014≫ (PDF) .

[16] Robert Metz; ? ????: (1969). ≪Potentiation of the Plasma Insulin Response to Glucose by Prior Administration of Alcohol≫ (PDF) . Diabetes . 18 (8): 517?22. doi : 10.2337/diab.18.8.517 . PMID 4897290 . S2CID 32072796 .

[17] Shelmet, JJ; Reichard, GA; Skutches, CL; Hoeldtke, RD; Owen, OE; Boden, G (1988). ≪Ethanol Causes Acute Inhibition of Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Oxidation and Insulin Resistance≫ . J. Clin. Invest . 81 (4): 1137?45. doi : 10.1172/JCI113428 . PMC 329642 . PMID 3280601 .

[18] Scinska, A; Koros, E; Habrat, B; Kukwa, A; Kostowski, W; Bienkowski, P (2000). ≪Bitter and sweet components of ethanol taste in humans≫. Drug and Alcohol Dependence . 60 (2): 199?206. doi : 10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00149-0 . PMID 10940547 .

[19] ≪6 Secrets of Cooking with Wine≫ .

[20] Parker, Robert M. (2008). Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide, 7th Edition . Simon and Schuster. ?? 15. ISBN 978-1-4391-3997-4 .

[21] Jancis Robinson (2006). The Oxford Companion to Wine (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860990-2 . See alcoholic strength at p. 10.

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