??????

?????? ( ???? : 哈??, ????????? : Harbin, ???? : Харби?н ) ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? (???????????, ????) ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?,??,??,??? ?? ?????? ?? ??,??,??? ???? ??,??,??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????????, ????????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? '???????? ???' ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???

?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? [ ??????? ???? ]

???????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? '??????' ???? ?? ???? '???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???' ???

????? ?? ???? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??.? °?????????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???.? °?????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???

???????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????????? ?? ?? ??????-?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ^[1] ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???, ??? ?? ???-??? ?? ??? ?? '??? ?? ????? ' ?????? ???? ??? ???? '??-???-??' (大列巴) ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??, ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? '??????' (хлеб) ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????-?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? '?????????????? ????? ???????? ???????' ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???-?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ^[2]

?????? ?? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

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↑ The making of a Chinese city: history and historiography in HarbinStudies on modern ChinaAn East Gate book , Søren Clausen, Stig Thøgersen, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, ISBN 978-1-56324-476-6 , ... The Era of Russian Influence: 1898-1932 After the arrival of the railway engineers in 1898, Russian influence in Harbin was indisputable and highly visible for several decades. The city was initially run directly by the Russian Chinese Eastern Railway ...
↑ The many layers of culture within each city: a theory of cultural geography , Robert N. St. Clair, Wei Song, Edwin Mellen Press, 2009, ... Cultural space of Harbin: The Russian influence ... Harbin, the capital of Heilongjiang province, is the northernmost metropolis of China. It's situated on the banks of the Songhua River, which cuts across the northem part of Manchuria ...

[ref13pudac-1] The making of a Chinese city: history and historiography in HarbinStudies on modern ChinaAn East Gate book , Søren Clausen, Stig Thøgersen, M.E. Sharpe, 1995, ISBN 978-1-56324-476-6 , ... The Era of Russian Influence: 1898-1932 After the arrival of the railway engineers in 1898, Russian influence in Harbin was indisputable and highly visible for several decades. The city was initially run directly by the Russian Chinese Eastern Railway ...

[ref33mefix-2] The many layers of culture within each city: a theory of cultural geography , Robert N. St. Clair, Wei Song, Edwin Mellen Press, 2009, ... Cultural space of Harbin: The Russian influence ... Harbin, the capital of Heilongjiang province, is the northernmost metropolis of China. It's situated on the banks of the Songhua River, which cuts across the northem part of Manchuria ...

[1]

[2]