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Halabja
?????:Lang-ckb
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हलाब्जा शहर
??????? ???
??? ?????? Module:Location_map ??? ?????? 522 ??: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/Iraqi Kurdistan" does not exist?
??????????: 35°11′11″N 45°58′26″E  /  35.18639°N 45.97389°E  / 35.18639; 45.97389
???   ????
???????? ???????   Iraq Kurdistan [1]
??????? ???????
??????? ??? 1650 ?????
????
 ? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? [2]
??????? 1599 ???? 2 (617 ???????)
????? 721 ?? (2,365 ???)
???????? (2013)
 ? ??? 200,000
??? ????? UTC+3


??????? (?????: ??????? ???????) ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??? ??, ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? 240 ???? (150 ???) ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? 14 ???? (9 ???) ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????-???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??, ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????

?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??, ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???, ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? 2009 ???, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? 17 ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???. [3]

???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? 1850 ?? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????, ?????? ????? 20 ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? 1924 ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? 1932 ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? 1940 ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???. [4]

20 ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???, ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??, ????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???. [5]

???????? ???? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????:????? ???

???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????-???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? 11:00 ???, 16 ?????, 1988 ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???, ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????. [6] [7] ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??, ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? 5,000 ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? 7,000 ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???. [8] . [9]

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

????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???. [12] ????? 2010 ???, ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??; ??????????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????]. [13]

?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???

??????? ?? ?????? ???????
??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????
??? ???? ?????? °C (°F) 9.6
(49.3) 		11.8
(53.2) 		16.9
(62.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		29.5
(85.1) 		35.8
(96.4) 		39.6
(103.3) 		39.2
(102.6) 		35.0
(95) 		28.4
(83.1) 		19.7
(67.5) 		12.5
(54.5) 		25.0
(77)
????? ????? ?????? °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		6.6
(43.9) 		11.2
(52.2) 		15.8
(60.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		27.4
(81.3) 		31.2
(88.2) 		30.8
(87.4) 		26.4
(79.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		13.3
(55.9) 		7.3
(45.1) 		18.1
(64.6)
??? ????? ?????? °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2) 		1.4
(34.5) 		5.6
(42.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		14.5
(58.1) 		19.0
(66.2) 		22.8
(73) 		22.5
(72.5) 		17.9
(64.2) 		12.7
(54.9) 		7.0
(44.6) 		2.2
(36) 		11.3
(52.3)
??? ????? ???? (inches) 144
(5.67) 		146
(5.75) 		132
(5.2) 		85
(3.35) 		35
(1.38) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		28
(1.1) 		79
(3.11) 		124
(4.88) 		773
(30.44)
?????: [14]

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ "???????? ?????" . ??? ?? 6 ??????? 2014 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 31 ?? 2018 . |archiveurl= ?? |archive-url= ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ( ??? ); |archivedate= ?? |archive-date= ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ( ??? )
  2. ↑ "???????? ?????" . ??? ?? 27 ?????? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 31 ?? 2018 . |archiveurl= ?? |archive-url= ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ( ??? ); |archivedate= ?? |archive-date= ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ( ??? )
  3. ↑ "Ancient tombs found in Halabja" . AK News. 9 ????? 2008. ??? ?? 21 ????? 2009 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 7 ??????? 2009 .
  4. ↑ "History of Halabja" . PUK media. 2009-03-16. ??? ?? 3 ??????? 2011 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2009-09-07 . |archiveurl= ?? |archive-url= ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ( ??? ); |archivedate= ?? |archive-date= ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ( ??? )
  5. ↑ "Adela Khanum ? Princess of the Brave" . Kurdistan's Women. 2008-04-04. ??? ?? 26 ?????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2009-09-07 . |archiveurl= ?? |archive-url= ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ( ??? ); |archivedate= ?? |archive-date= ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ( ??? )
  6. ↑ "???????? ?????" . ??? ?? 17 ?? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 31 ?? 2018 .
  7. ↑ "1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack" . BBC News. 1988-03-16. ??? ?? 10 ?????? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2010-05-04 .
  8. ↑ Osman, Hiwa (March 17, 2002). "Iraqi Kurds recall chemical attack" . BBC News. ??? ?? 12 ?????? 2009 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2006-08-05 .
  9. ↑ "Whatever Happened To The Iraqi Kurds?" . Human Rights Watch. March 11, 1991. ??? ?? 13 ?????? 2008 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 31 ?? 2018 .
  10. ↑ "Facts About Cyanide" . Centers for Disease Control. ??? ?? 15 ?????? 2010 ?? ?????????.
  11. ↑ "Iraq events ? Chemical warfare" . BBC News. ??? ?? 27 ?? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2010-05-04 .
  12. ↑ Hirst, David (March 22, 1988). "The Kurdish victims caught unaware by cyanide" . The Guardian . London . ?????? ???? 2006-06-09 .
  13. ↑ AK News, 1 March 2010 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110320191235/http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/4/120001 Archived 20 ????? 2011 at the ????? ????
  14. ↑ "Climate statistics for Halabja" . Bureau of Meteorology. ??? ?? 2 ?????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 21 January 2017 .
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