????
(/?? ??r ?m, ?? ær-/; ????: ???? ?ar?m [ħaraːm]) ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????????
[1]
:471
? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??: ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??; ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? "???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??" ?? ???? ??? ?? "???-??? ???" ?? ??????? ??, ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???, ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? (???? ??????) ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??, ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ( ??????? ?????? (??-????? ??-??????)) ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
[2]
????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??, ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??
[3]
?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????????????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? (????? ???) ?? ??? ???? ???
[4]
[5]
??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????
[6]
???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???, ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???
[7]
?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???, "????? ???? ??? ?? ?? (??? ??, ???) ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ..." - [ ????? 2: 219]
????? ?? 2: 21 9 ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??; ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? "?? ???", ?? ???? ???? ?? "??? ?? ??? ? ???"? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ??, ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??, ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???, ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???
[8]
??????? ?????? (al-ahkam al-khamsah) ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??:
[2]
[9]
- ???? / ??? (far? / wajib) - "????????" / "???????"
- ????? (musta?abb) - ????????, "???????"
- ???? (?????) - ?????, "?????"
- ????? (makr?h) - ??????
- ???? (?ar?m) - ????????, "???????"
???? ?? ?????? ?? ???:
- ?????? ????? (??-?ar?m li-??tihi) - ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????
- ?????? ????? (??-?ar?m li-?ayrihi) - ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ??
[10]
- ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????, ????, ??????????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ???????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??-????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???
- ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????????
????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ??:
- ????????, ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????, ?????, ?? ???? ??????? ?????
- ???????, ???? ?? ???? (??????)
- ??????????, ???? ??-?????? ??-??? ?? ??-?????? ??-?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? (??????) ???????
- ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????
- ??? ???????, ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???, ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???, ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? (Allah) ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???
- ??? ???????????, ???? ????? ???????
????? ??? ??, ??? ???? ?? ??? [??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????, ????? ???? ?? '????? ?? ???????', '???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???'] ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??, ?????? ?????? (?? ???) ?? ???? (??????? ?? ??????)? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? (???) ?? ????? ???? ???? ???
[11]
??????, ??????, ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????
[12]
?? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??, ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???
??????? ???, ??? ???? ???-??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???, " ??? " ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? '???? ???? ?? ??? ??' ?? '???? ?????' (???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??, ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??)? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???, ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??
???? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??, ????? ??? ?? ???? (?????) ??-???? ?? ??? (?????) ??-????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? / ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???? ??-??? ?? ??? ??-??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???, ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???, ??? ???? ?? ???? '????' ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? (???) ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??-??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??, ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???
[13]
??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???, ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???
[14]
???????? ?? ??????? ?????????
[
??????? ????
]
????? ?? ??????? ??????
[
??????? ????
]
?????? ???, ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???
[15]
??????? ????? ???, ???? ????? ??? ???? ??
??? ???? ?? ????? ???, ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????, ??????, ??????, ????, ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???
[16]
???????, ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??, ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????
[17]
??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??;
[18]
????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? [18] ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? " ??????????? " ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????
[19]
[20]
?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??
?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???:
???? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ????, ?? swineflesh ??? ?? ???? ??, ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??, ? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??! ????? ????????, ????? ??? - [ ????? 2: 173 ]
???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??! ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??! ???? ?????, ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???- [ ????? 6: 119 ]
?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??
[21]
?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??, ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???-????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???
???? ???
???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???
[22]
????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???
[23]
???? ??????? ??????, ???? ???????, ???, ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???
????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????
?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???:
??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???, ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???,
?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??, ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ...
???????
?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? - ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ???????
?????? ?? ???: "?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???, ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????" - ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????
????? ?? ????????? ????
[
??????? ????
]
?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????, ??????? ??? ??????, ???????? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???
[24]
[25]
???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???:
?? ???? ??! ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? - [ ????? 17:32 ]
?? ??? ????? ?? ???, ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????, ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???, ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??, ? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? - ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? (? ????)- [ ????? 25:68 ]
???? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???, ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? (????????? ????, ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??)? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??, ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???
[26]
??? ?? ???-??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??, ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??, ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ????
[27]
[28]
??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????, ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??; ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??
[29]
????? ??-???????? ?? ???????, ???? ????? ??
????? ????
???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??, ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???
[30]
??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??, ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? / ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???, ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????
[31]
????? ?? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???
????
, ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ??, ???? ????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???
[32]
[33]
???? ????? ???, ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????
??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???, ???? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????
[32]
[34]
????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???:
?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??! ????? ????? ????, ?????? ?? ?????? (???? ?? ?? ??)? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ??!- [ ????? 3: 130 ]
?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? - [ ????? 2: 276 ]
??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????????, ?? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???
[35]
?????? ???, ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???, ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? (???? ?????? ?? ?????) ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???, ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???
[36]
??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???
[37]
?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???
[38]
???? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??, ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??
[39]
??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??, ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???
???? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??:
???: ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???: ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? - [ ????? 6:56 ]
?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??:
?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???: "?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??, ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????" - ?????? ?????? ???????
- ↑
Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (26 March 2016).
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(PDF)
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????????????
978-0994240989
. ??? ?? 2 ????? 2019 ??
?????????
(PDF)
. ?????? ????
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????1 ??????: ??????? ???? (
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?
?
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????????????
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- ↑
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????1 ??????: ????? ???: authors list (
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???
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???
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. ?????? ????
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Samiullah, Muhammad (Spring 1982). "The Meat: Lawful and Unlawful in Islam".
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(1): 77.
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Al-Qardawi, Yusuf (1999).
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. American Trust Publications. ??? 67.
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Al-Qardawi, Yusuf (1999).
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. American Trust Publications. ??? 68.
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Al-Qardawi, Yusuf (1999).
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Al-Qardawi, Yusuf (1999).
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Al-Qardawi, Yusuf (1999).
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. American Trust Publications. ??? 179.
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?
?
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: 54.
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Samiullah, Muhammad (Summer 1982). "Prohibition of Riba (Interest) & Insurance in the Light of Islam".
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: 58.
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Al-Qardawi, Yusuf (1999).
The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam
. American Trust Publications. ??? 226.
- ↑
Al-Qardawi, Yusuf (1999).
The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam
. American Trust Publications. ??? 82.
- ↑
Al-Qardawi, Yusuf (1999).
The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam
. American Trust Publications. ??? 85.
- ↑
Al-Qardawi, Yusuf (1999).
The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam
. American Trust Publications. ??? 96.
- ↑
Al-Qardawi, Yusuf (1999).
The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam
. American Trust Publications. ??? 99.