????? ???????? ?????????? ??
???????
?????? / Vientiane
|
|---|
|
|
|
| ???
| 
????
|
|---|
| ?????
| ??????? ???????????????
|
|---|
| ???????
| 9??? ???????
[1]
|
|---|
| ???????
| 3920 ????
2
(1,510 ???????)
|
|---|
| ?????
| 174 ?? (570 ???)
|
|---|
|
| ? ???
| 7,83,000
|
|---|
| ? ?????
| 200 ????
2
(500 ???????)
|
|---|
???????
(
???
: ??????,
?????????
: Vientiane)
???????????? ?????
??
????
??? ??
???????
?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????????? ??? ???
?????? ???
?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??
????????
?? ??? ?????????????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???
[2]
[3]
[4]
"???????" ?? ???
????? ????
?? ??????? ????
????
?? ??????? ??? ??, ?? ??
?????-???? ????
??? ????? "??????" ?? ????
??? ????
??? "????" ???? ?? ???? "??" ?? ????
???????
?? "
?????
" ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??, ?????? "???????" ?? ???? "????? ?? ????" ??? ??????? ??? ????-?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? "??" ?????? ??? ??????? ?? "??????" ???? ?? ???? ??, ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? "???? ?? ????" ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? "??????" (??? ??? ??????) ? "?????" (??? ??? ??????) ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? "??" (??? ??? ???) ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????
??? ????
??????? ?? "???????????" ??
?????????
??
????? ????
??????? ?? "?????????" ???? ??, ??? ????? ?? ???? "?????" ???? ??, ????? "????? ?? ????" ?? ???? ??? ???? ???
[5]
[6]
?????????
??? ??? ?? "Vientiane" ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???
???????????
????????
??? ?? ??
???? ????
??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??
??????????? ????
??? ?????-????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? '?' ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? '?' (t) ???? ???? ????
[7]
- ↑
Lonely Planet.
"History of Vientiane Province - Lonely Planet Travel Information"
. ??? ?? 22 ????? 2015 ??
?????????
. ?????? ????
18 July
2015
.
- ↑
Bush, Austin; Elliot, Mark; Ray, Nick (1 December 2010).
Laos 7
. Lonely Planet. ???? 307?.
????????????
978-1-74179-153-2
. ??? ?? 26 ?????? 2016 ??
?????????
. ?????? ???? 21 ????? 2016
.
- ↑
"
The Rough Guide to Laos
," Edward Aves, Penguin, 2014,
ISBN 9780241014547
- ↑
"
DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Cambodia & Laos
," Penguin, 2016,
ISBN 9781465452047
- ↑
"
Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment
," Asian Development Bank, 2012,
ISBN 9789292541125
,
... Vientiane “city of sandalwood,” a fragrant and valuable tree, but “moon” is pronounced the same as sandalwood in the Lao language, “city of the moon” is a popular interpretation ...
- ↑
"
Golden Dragon and Purple Phoenix: The Chinese and Their Multi-Ethnic Descendants in Southeast Asia
," Khoon Choy Lee, World Scientific, 2013,
ISBN 9789814518499
,
... a kind of tree highly valued in classical India for its fragrance), Vientiane was also the largest city in Laos ... was often mistakenly believed to mean 'city of the moon', because the Sanskrit word for the moon and sandalwood were similar ...
- ↑
"
A Grammar of Lao
," N. J. Enfield, Walter de Gruyter, 2007,
ISBN 9783110185881
