????? ???????? ?????????? ??
?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????
?????? ??????
(radio waves) ??
??????? ???????? ??????
???, ?????
???????????
?? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? (????,
?????? ????????
) ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??, ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??, ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ???
???
???? ???? 1864 ??? James Clerk Maxwell ?? Theoretical ?? Mathematically ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??????????????? ?????? (electromagnetic waves) ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? . ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??1869 ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? 1886-1889 ??? ?? ????? ????????? Heinrich Hertz ?? ?????? ?? Theory ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? Theory ??? ?? .
???? ??? 1890 ??? ?? ??????? ????????? Guglielmo Marconi ?? wireless ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? 16 ??? ?? ?? . ?? 1900 ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? .????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? 1906 ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? .
?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????:-
? ???? ???? 1918 ??? New York ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? “The Forest” ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????
????? ????? 1920 ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????
? ?????? ?? Advertising ?? ?????? 1923 ??? ??? |
?1936 ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????
?1939 ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? |
?? ???? ???? ??????(1000kHz) ?????? ???? ?? ??????????? 300 ???? ???? ??|
?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???, ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???, ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? (?????) ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ???, ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????u
Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves.
??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???
[
??????? ????
]
?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????, ??????? ???????? (?????) ??? ????? ??? ???
| ????? ???
|
Abbr
|
ITU
band
|
???????
???
???? ???????
|
?????? ??? ??????
|
|
|
|
|
< 3
Hz
> 100,000
km
|
|
| ??????? ????? ??????? (ELF)
|
ELF
|
1
|
3?30
Hz
100,000 km ? 10,000 km
|
Communication with submarines
|
| ??? ????? ??????? (SLF)
|
SLF
|
2
|
30?300
Hz
10,000 km ? 1000 km
|
Communication with submarines
|
| ??????? ????? ??????? (ULF)
|
ULF
|
3
|
300?3000
Hz
1000 km ? 100 km
|
Communication within mines
|
| ??? ????? ??????? (VLF)
|
VLF
|
4
|
3?30
kHz
100 km ? 10 km
|
Submarine communication,
avalanche beacons
, wireless
heart rate monitors
,
geophysics
|
| ????? ??????? (LF)
|
LF
|
5
|
30?300
kHz
10 km ? 1 km
|
Navigation
,
time signals
, AM
longwave
broadcasting
|
| ???? ??????? (MF)
|
MF
|
6
|
300?3000
kHz
1 km ? 100
m
|
AM
(Medium-wave) broadcasts
|
| ??????????? (HF)
|
HF
|
7
|
3?30
MHz
100 m ? 10 m
|
Shortwave
broadcasts,
amateur radio
and over-the-horizon aviation communications
|
| ??????????????? (VHF)
|
VHF
|
8
|
30?300
MHz
10 m ? 1 m
|
FM
,
television
broadcasts and line-of-sight ground-to-aircraft and aircraft-to-aircraft communications
|
| ??????? ??????????? (UHF)
|
UHF
|
9
|
300?3000
MHz
1 m ? 100
mm
|
television
broadcasts,
microwave
ovens,
mobile phones
,
wireless LAN
,
Bluetooth
,
GPS
and Two-Way Radios such as FRS and GMRS Radios
|
| ??? ??????????? (SHF)
|
SHF
|
10
|
3?30
GHz
100 mm ? 10 mm
|
microwave
devices,
wireless LAN
, most modern
Radars
|
| ??????? ??????????? (EHF)
|
EHF
|
11
|
30?300
GHz
10 mm ? 1 mm
|
Radio astronomy
, high-speed
microwave radio relay
|
|
|
|
|
Above 300
GHz
< 1 mm
|
|
?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????
[
??????? ????
]
?????? ??????????:
- ????? ???? ? ?? ?????? = 148.5 - 283.5 kHz (LF)
- ????? ???? ? ?? ?????? = 530 kHz - 1710 kHz (MF)
- ???????? ????? I (???? 2 - 6) = 54 MHz - 88 MHz (VHF)
- ?? ?? ?????? ????? II = 88 MHz - 108 MHz (VHF)
- ???????? ????? III (???? 7 - 13) = 174 MHz - 216 MHz (VHF)
- ???????? ????? IV & V (???? 14 - 69) = 470 MHz - 806 MHz (UHF)
[1]
For more information see the NTIA frequency allocation chart:
https://web.archive.org/web/20080204194331/http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.html
???????? ?????? ????????
[
??????? ????
]
????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???
| ?????
|
??????? ????
|
| 160 m
|
1.8 to 2.0 MHz
|
| 80 m
|
3.5 to 4.0 MHz
|
| 60 m
|
5.3 to 5.4 MHz
|
| 40 m
|
7 to 7.3 MHz
|
| 30 m
|
10.1 to 10.15 MHz
|
| 20 m
|
14 to 14.35 MHz
|
| 15 m
|
21 to 21.45 MHz
|
| 12 m
|
24.89 to 24.99 MHz
|
| 10 m
|
28.0 to 29.7 MHz
|
| 6 m
|
50 to 54 MHz
|
| 2 m
|
144 to 148 MHz
|
| 70 cm
|
430 to 440 MHz
|
| 33 cm
|
902 to 928 MHz
|
| 23 cm
|
1240 to 1300 MHz
|
| ?????
|
??????? ????
|
??? ?? ???
|
| HF ?????
|
3 to 30 MHz
|
H
igh
F
requency
|
| VHF ?????
|
30 to 300 MHz
|
V
ery
H
igh
F
requency
|
| UHF ?????
|
300 to 3000 MHz
|
U
ltra
H
igh
F
requency
Frequencies from 216 to 450 MHz were sometimes called P-band:
P
revious, since early
British
Radar
used this band but later switched to higher frequencies.
|
| L ?????
|
1 to 2 GHz
|
L
ong wave
|
| S ?????
|
2 to 4 GHz
|
S
hort wave
|
| C ?????
|
4 to 8 GHz
|
C
ompromise between S and X
|
| X ?????
|
8 to 12 GHz
|
??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????-??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? X (????
crosshair
???)
|
| K
u
?????
|
12 to 18 GHz
|
K
urz-
u
nder
|
| K ?????
|
18 to 26 GHz
|
German
K
urz (short)
|
| K
a
band
|
26 to 40 GHz
|
K
urz-
a
bove
|
| V ?????
|
40 to 75 GHz
|
| W ?????
|
75 to 111 GHz
|
V ?? ???
W
???????? ??????? ???
|
EU, NATO, US ECM frequency designations
[
??????? ????
]
??? ???? ??????? ????
[
??????? ????
]
