한국   대만   중국   일본 
????? ???????? - ?????????? ??????? ?? ????

????? ????????

????? ???????? ?????????? ??

????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ??????, ??????, ????, ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? [1] ?? ???-??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? , ?????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? , ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? , ????? , ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? , ?????? , ????? ?? ????? , ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????? ?? ??-??? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? , ?????????? ???????? , ??????? ???????? , ???? ???????? , ????? ???????? ??? [2] [3] [4] |

?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??? , ?????? ??? ( ??????? ) ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? [5]

1960 ?? 1970 ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ??. ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??. ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? [6]

??????? ????????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???, ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? [7] ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???, ????? (?????) ?? ???? ???? ???? [8]

????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????? ?????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????(??????) ?? ????????(????????) ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????, ?????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? [9] ?

????????? ??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? ????? ???????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? (??????) ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????, ??????, ?????,?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????, ?????, ?????, ??????, ???????, ??????, ?????, ??????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????????, ???????, ????????, ?? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????, ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? . ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? '?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????????  ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????  ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???  ???? ??????? ????? ????

???? ???????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????? ????????? ??? ???? (??????) ???? -???????? ??, ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

  • ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????
  • Christopher Alan Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen,

and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770?1870, Cambridge University Press, 1983.

  • Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets,

Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar, University of California Press, 1999. "A History of brahmin calan" by Pt. Dorilal sharma shrotriya., "Hamaare Pravaas ka itihaas" by Pt. phool bihari sharma. "Vidhyapati dairy"1972 Granthalaya Prakashan Darbhanga, "Ain-a-Akbari" By Abul fazal

  1. ↑ Jha, Pankaj Kumar (2010). Sushasan Ke Aaine Mein Naya Bihar . Bihar (India): Prabhat Prakashan. ??? ?? 28 ????? 2019 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 9 ?????? 2018 .
  2. ↑ James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z . Rosen. ???? 490?491. ????????????   9780823931804 . ??? ?? 8 ?? 2016 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 10 ?????? 2018 .
  3. ↑ D. Shyam Babu and Ravindra S. Khare , ????? (2011). Caste in Life: Experiencing Inequalities . Pearson Education India. ??? 168. ????????????   9788131754399 .
  4. ↑ "???????? ?????" . ??? ?? 1 ????? 2019 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 31 ?????? 2018 .
  5. ↑ "Civilizational Regions of Mithila & Mahakoshal" . ??? 64.
  6. ↑ Verma, Ravindra Kumar (May 1991). "Caste and Bihar Politics" . Economic and Political Weekly . Sameeksha Trust. 26 (18): 1142?4 . ?????? ???? 28 March 2013 .
  7. ↑ Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective . M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ???? 38?. ????????????   978-81-7533-034-4 . ??? ?? 22 ?? 2016 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2 ????? 2019 .
  8. ↑ Maitra, Asim (1986). Religious Life of the Brahman: A Case Study of Maithil Brahmans . Inter-India Publications. ??? 54. ??? ?? 17 ????? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2 ????? 2019 .
  9. ↑ Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective . ??? 32. ????????????   9788175330344 . ?????? ???? 6 April 2017 .
" https://hi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?????_????????&oldid=6121885 " ?? ???????