???? ???? ???? ??? '???? ?? ?????' ?? ??????? (vertebral column ?? backbone ?? spine)) ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? (vertebrae) ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? (spinal canal) ??? ????????? (spinal cord) ???????? ???? ???

??????? ?? ???????? (surgery) [ ??????? ???? ]

???????, ????, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??, ?? ?????? (vertebrate) ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 26 ???? ??-

• ????? ?? (?????) 7;
• ???????, ?? ?????? 12;
• ??? ?? 5;
• ?????????? (sacrum) ??
• ?????? (coseyse)?

?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? (fused) ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? (? ?? ???? ??) ???????? ?????? (fused) ????? ????

??? ?? ??? [ ??????? ???? ]

????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? (tearing), ?? ????? (crushing) ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? (paraplegic) ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????

??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???, ?????? ????? ??, ??????? ?? ?????????? (tuberculosis)? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? (caries) ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? (collapse) ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????????? (spondylitis) ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????: ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???, ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????, ?? ????????? (braces) ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???

???-??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? - ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? (pelvis) ?? ????????, ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? (Pelvis Viscera), ??????? ???????? (bladder), ????????? , ???????? , ?? ?????? , ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???, ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???

????? ??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

• ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????
• North American Spine Society is a multidisciplinary medical organization that advances quality spine care through education, research and advocacy.
• Spinal Cord Injuries Australia (formerly Australian Quadriplegic Association AQA, established 1967) provides information about the disability and services for affected people, advocacy, accommodation, employment, peer support.
• Spinal Cord Injury Peer Support Peer support for those living with spinal injuries.
• Vertebral column basics
• Spinal Term Glossary