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????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? : ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??, ???? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????-????????? ???? ???
????? ?? ????, ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??, ????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???
????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??, ???? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????????, ??????, ???????, ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? (?) ????????? ?? (?) ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????, ???????, ??????, ????????, ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???
????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????
[
??????? ????
]
????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???
????? ?? ???? ??????? (Geography and Astronomy)
[
??????? ????
]
???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? - ?????, ???????, ????????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????????? - ???-??? ?? ??? ????????, ?????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ???
????? ?? ????????? (Geography and Geology)
[
??????? ????
]
??-???????
?????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????, ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????? ?? ??-????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????
??-????? ???????
(Geomorphology) ?? ??-??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???
????? ?? ???? ???????
[
??????? ????
]
????
?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????, ??????, ???, ????????, ?????, ??????????, ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???
???? ???????
?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???
????? ?? ?? ??????? (Geography and Hydrology)
[
??????? ????
]
?? ???????
?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????, ??????, ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???
?????? ??????
(Oceanography) ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????, ????? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ??? ?????????, ??????, ?? ?????, ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???
????? ?? ???? ??????? (Geography and Pedology)
[
??????? ????
]
???? ???????
(Pedology or soil science) ?????? ?? ???????, ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? (Pedogeogaphy or Soil Geography) ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???
????? ?? ??????? ???????
[
??????? ????
]
????-????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???
??????? ???????
???? ???? (Plant life) ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????????
????? ?????
?? ????
??? ?????
(Biogeography) ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? (Plant Geography) ??? ?? ???? ???
????? ?? ????? ???????
[
??????? ????
]
????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????, ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? (Animal resource) ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???-?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???, ????, ??, ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??-???? ??
???? ?????
(Animal Geography) ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????, ???????, ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???
????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????
[
??????? ????
]
????? ?? ???? ???????
[
??????? ????
]
????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???, ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????, ??????, ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????
????????????
(economy) ?? ?????? ????
???????????
?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????, ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???
????? ?? ???????????
[
??????? ????
]
???????????
???????? ?? ??????? ????, ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????????, ?????, ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????-???? ????-?????, ???????, ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???
???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????, ????, ???????, ???, ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??????, ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????
????? ?? ??????? ???????
[
??????? ????
]
??????? ???????
?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ‘???? ????????’ ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????, ???????, ?????????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????, ???????, ???? ?????? ?????, ??-???????, ????? ??-?????, ????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????
?????????
(Geopolitics) ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????
????? ?? ???????? (Geography and Demography)
[
??????? ????
]
????????
??
???????????
?? ???????
????????
?? ????, ??????, ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????, ????????, ?????????, ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???
???? ?????
?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???
????? ??? ???????? ???????
[
??????? ????
]
- ???? ?????
- ???, ??????
- ????????
- ????, ?????? ????
- ????? ????????
- ?????? ????
- ??- ????????? ????????
- ???? ????????
- ?????? ?????
- ?????? ??????????
- ??? ?????????? ?????????
- ??? ?????????? ?????
- ??????????
- ????????
???????????? ???????
[
??????? ????
]
- ????????? ?????????
- ?????? ?????????
- ??? ?????? ?????????
- ?????? ?? ?????????
- ?? ?????????
- ????????? ??????
- ????? ?????????
- ↑
"
Geography
Archived
2006-11-09 at the
????? ????
" - The American Heritage Dictionary/ of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
- ↑
Dahlman, Carl; Renwick, William (2014).
Introduction to Geography: People, Places & Environment
(6 ???????). Pearson.
????????????
9780137504510
.
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Burt, Tim (2009).
Key Concepts in Geography: Scale, Resolution, Analysis, and Synthesis in Physical Geography
(2 ???????). John Wiley & Sons. ???? 85?96.
????????????
978-1-4051-9146-3
.
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Tobler, Waldo (1970).
"A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region"
(PDF)
.
Economic Geography
.
46
: 234?240.
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.
?????
:
10.2307/143141
.
???
(PDF)
?? 2019-03-08 ?? ?????????
. ?????? ????
22 July
2022
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Tobler, Waldo (2004).
"On the First Law of Geography: A Reply"
.
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.
94
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?????
:
10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x
. ??? ?? 21 June 2022 ??
?????????
. ?????? ????
22 July
2022
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Hayes-Bohanan, James (29 September 2009).
"What is Environmental Geography, Anyway?"
.
webhost.bridgew.edu
.
Bridgewater State University
. ??? ?? 26 October 2006 ??
?????????
. ?????? ????
10 November
2016
.
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Hornby, William F.; Jones, Melvyn (29 June 1991).
An introduction to Settlement Geography
.
Cambridge University Press
.
????????????
978-0-521-28263-5
. ??? ?? 25 December 2016 ??
?????????
.
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"Areography"
.
Merriam-Webster.com
. ?????? ????
27 July
2022
.
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Lowell, Percival (April 1902).
"Areography"
.
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.
41
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JSTOR
983554
. ?????? ????
27 July
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.
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Sheehan, William (19 September 2014). "Geography of Mars, or Areography".
Astrophysics and Space Science Library
.
409
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????????????
978-3-319-09640-7
.
?????
:
10.1007/978-3-319-09641-4_7
.
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Hughes, William. (1863).
The Study of Geography
. Lecture delivered at King's College, London, by Sir Marc Alexander. Quoted in
Baker, J.N.L (1963).
The History of Geography
. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ??? 66.
????????????
978-0-85328-022-4
.
- ↑
Matthews, John; Herbert, David (2008).
Geography: A very short introduction
(1 ???????). Oxford University Press.
????????????
978-0-19-921128-9
.
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Thrift, Nigel (2009).
Key Concepts in Geography: Space, The Fundamental Stuff of Geography
(2 ???????). John Wiley & Sons. ???? 85?96.
????????????
978-1-4051-9146-3
.
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Kent, Martin (2009).
Key Concepts in Geography: Space, Making Room for Space in Physical Geography
(2 ???????). John Wiley & Sons. ???? 97?119.
????????????
978-1-4051-9146-3
.
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?
?
?
?
Tuan, Yi-Fu (1977).
Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience
(1 ???????). University of Minnesota Press.
????????????
0-8166-3877-2
.
- ↑
?
?
Chen, Xiang; Clark, Jill (2013).
"Interactive three-dimensional geovisualization of space-time access to food"
.
Applied Geography
.
43
: 81?86.
?????
:
10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.05.012
. ?????? ????
7 December
2022
.
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?
?
Tuan, Yi-Fu (1991).
"A View of Geography"
.
Geographical Review
.
81
(1): 99?107.
JSTOR
215179
.
?????
:
10.2307/215179
. ?????? ????
5 January
2023
.
- ↑
?
?
Castree, Noel (2009).
Key Concepts in Geography: Place, Connections and Boundaries in an Interdependent World
(2 ???????). John Wiley & Sons. ???? 85?96.
????????????
978-1-4051-9146-3
.
- ↑
?
?
?
Gregory, Ken (2009).
Key Concepts in Geography: Place, The Management of Sustainable Physical Environments
(2 ???????). John Wiley & Sons. ???? 173?199.
????????????
978-1-4051-9146-3
.
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?
?
Thrift, Nigel (1977).
An Introduction to Time-Geography
.
????????????
0-90224667-4
.
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Thornes, John (2009).
Key Concepts in Geography: Time, Change and Stability in Environmental Systems
(2 ???????). John Wiley & Sons. ???? 119?139.
????????????
978-1-4051-9146-3
.
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Taylor, Peter (2009).
Key Concepts in Geography: Time, From Hegemonic Change to Everyday life
(2 ???????). John Wiley & Sons. ???? 140?152.
????????????
978-1-4051-9146-3
.
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Galison, Peter Louis (1979). "Minkowski's space?time: From visual thinking to the absolute world".
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.
10
: 85?121.
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.
?????
:
10.2307/27757388
.
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?
?
?
Miller, Harvey (2017).
"Time geography and space?time prism"
.
International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology
: 1?19.
????????????
9780470659632
.
?????
:
10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0431
. ?????? ????
1 September
2022
.
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Monmonier, Mark (1990).
"Strategies For The Visualization Of Geographic Time-Series Data"
.
Cartographica
.
27
(1): 30?45.
?????
:
10.3138/U558-H737-6577-8U31
. ?????? ????
1 September
2022
.
- ↑
?
?
?
?
Tobler, Waldo (2004).
"On the First Law of Geography: A Reply"
.
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.
94
(2): 304?310.
?????
:
10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x
. ?????? ????
10 March
2022
.
- ↑
?
?
?
?
?
Goodchild, Michael (2004). "The Validity and Usefulness of Laws in Geographic Information Science and Geography".
Annals of the Association of American Geographers
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94
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?????
:
10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402008.x
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Hecht, Brent; Moxley, Emily (2009). "Terabytes of Tobler: Evaluating the First Law in a Massive, Domain-Neutral Representation of World Knowledge".
Spatial Information Theory 9th International Conference, COSIT 2009, Aber Wrac'h, France, September 21-25, 2009, Proceedings
. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer.
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????????????
978-3-642-03831-0
.
?????
:
10.1007/978-3-642-03832-7_6
.
??????
:
2009LNCS.5756...88H
.
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Otto, Philipp; Dogan, Osman; Taspınar, Suleyman (November 8, 2022). "A Dynamic Spatiotemporal Stochastic Volatility Model with an Application to Environmental Risks".
arXiv
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?
?
?
?
?
Pattison, William (1964).
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.
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.
63:5
(5): 211?216.
?????
:
10.1080/00221346408985265
. ?????? ????
27 August
2022
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?
?
?
?
Robinson, J. Lewis (1976).
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.
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.
75
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?????
:
10.1080/00221347608980845
. ?????? ????
27 August
2022
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?
?
?
?
?
Murphy, Alexander (27 June 2014).
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"
"
.
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113
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S2CID
143168559
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?????
:
10.1080/00221341.2014.918639
. ?????? ????
27 August
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. Routledge.
????????????
978-1-351-49408-3
. ??? ?? 16 April 2021 ??
?????????
. ?????? ????
17 May
2020
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. American Cancer Society. ???? 1?4.
????????????
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?????
:
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.
Archived
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????? ????
- ????????? ???????