????-???????? ???????

????-??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???

????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? (??????? ???? ) ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? 1961 ??? ???? ??? ????? ????, ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??, ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??, ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??, ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ??, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????, ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????????, ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???????, ?? ?? ???-??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? , ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ^[1]

2009 ???, ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? 100 MAR-1 ????-?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ^[2] ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? "???? ??????? ?????" ?????, ?? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? 85 ?????? ???? (167.6 ?????? ???? ) ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? " ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ??????????? ?? ??? ???? , ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????" ^[3]

2013 ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? 26% ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??, ?????? 20% ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ?? 18% ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ^[4]

?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? 1500 ??? "???" ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????-?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????

???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? 1948 ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? 3 ??, 1948 ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???, ?? 1 ?????, 1971 ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ????

????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? (??????? ???? ) ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? 1961 ??? ???? ??? ????? ????, ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??, ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??, ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??, ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????, ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????????, ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???????, ?? ?? ???-??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????, ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ^[5]

????????? ????????? ?? ?????, ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???

?????????? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???, ?????????? ??? , ?? ??????

?? 1998 ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? , ???? ???? ???? , ?????? ???? ???? , ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???

??????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? (??? ?? ?????) ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???-??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????

Caminho das Indias ( ????????? - ???????? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ), ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? 2009 ??? ???????? ???, ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????-??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????

?????? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??? ?? ???, ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ?????, ????????, ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? UNSC ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ^{^[6]} 2007 ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? $ 1.2 ?????? (2004) ?? $3.12 ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ^[7] ???? ???, ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?.?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ^[8]

??????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? AmBev ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???, "?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????" ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???, ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ^{[
?????? ?????
]}

21 ??? ??? ?? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

UNSC ??? ?????? ??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ???: ???????? ?? ???? ???????????, ??? ?? ????????? ???? ????? - ?? 4 ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ^[9]

??????-?????? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? ?? ???? IBSA ??? ??? ????? ????

???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? 2006 ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??, ???? ??? ??????? 2007 ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??, ????? ??????? 2008 ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? IBSA ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 2004 ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? IBSA ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? 2007 ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????, ????????????, ??????, ????, ?????, ????????, ?????????, ??????? ??????, ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? 2007 ??? 10 ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???

?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? 2014 ?? ???????? ?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????? 2014 ???, ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????, 6 ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????-?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ^[10]?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??, ?? ??????? - ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????????? ??, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? UNASUR ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???, ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????, ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? "?????, ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ? " ^[11] ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ^[12]

?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

↑ Stuenkel, Oliver. "The Case for Stronger Brazil-India Relations" Archived 2018-11-05 at the ????? ???? , 'The Indian Foreign Affairs Journal' July?September 2010
↑ Brazil to Sell Archived 2018-01-24 at the ????? ???? MAR-1 SEAD Missiles to Pakistan Defense Industry Daily. Retrieved on 2009-01-05.
↑ Brazil approves sale of 100 missiles to Pakistan Archived 2019-01-05 at the ????? ???? Dawn.com. Retrieved on 2009-01-05.
↑ 2013 World Service Poll Archived 2015-10-10 at the ????? ???? BBC
↑ Stuenkel, Oliver. "The Case for Stronger Brazil-India Relations" Archived 2018-11-05 at the ????? ???? , 'The Indian Foreign Affairs Journal' July?September 2010
↑ Indian Embassy in Brazil: Bilateral Relations Archived 2009-08-02 at the ????? ????
↑ Indian Embassy in Brazil: Bilateral Trade Statistics Archived 2008-04-30 at the ????? ????
↑ "???????? ?????" . ??? ?? 5 ????? 2019 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 21 ????? 2019 .
↑ von Freiesleben, Jonas. "Member States Discuss Security Council Reform Again: A Never-Ending Process?" Archived 2016-03-10 at the ????? ???? Centre for UN Reform, April 16, 2008, retrieved October 31, 2010
↑ Press Trust Of India (7 July 2014). "BRICS summit to be Modi's first multilateral meet" . Business Standard . ??? ?? 25 ????? 2014 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 28 July 2014 .
↑ "BRICS summit: PM Modi leaves for Brazil, also to meet Latin leaders" . Hindustan Times . 12 July 2014. ??? ?? 13 ????? 2014 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 28 July 2014 .
↑ Archis Mohan (12 July 2014). "Modi causes interpreter crisis for external affairs ministry" . Business Standard . ??? ?? 26 ????? 2014 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 28 July 2014 .

????? ??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???-??????? ?? ????????: ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? , 13 ?? 2015
???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????
??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????
IBSA ?????????? ????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ????

[1] Stuenkel, Oliver. "The Case for Stronger Brazil-India Relations" Archived 2018-11-05 at the ????? ???? , 'The Indian Foreign Affairs Journal' July?September 2010

[2] Brazil to Sell Archived 2018-01-24 at the ????? ???? MAR-1 SEAD Missiles to Pakistan Defense Industry Daily. Retrieved on 2009-01-05.

[3] Brazil approves sale of 100 missiles to Pakistan Archived 2019-01-05 at the ????? ???? Dawn.com. Retrieved on 2009-01-05.

[4] 2013 World Service Poll Archived 2015-10-10 at the ????? ???? BBC

[5] Stuenkel, Oliver. "The Case for Stronger Brazil-India Relations" Archived 2018-11-05 at the ????? ???? , 'The Indian Foreign Affairs Journal' July?September 2010

[6] Indian Embassy in Brazil: Bilateral Relations Archived 2009-08-02 at the ????? ????

[7] Indian Embassy in Brazil: Bilateral Trade Statistics Archived 2008-04-30 at the ????? ????

[8] "???????? ?????" . ??? ?? 5 ????? 2019 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 21 ????? 2019 .

[9] von Freiesleben, Jonas. "Member States Discuss Security Council Reform Again: A Never-Ending Process?" Archived 2016-03-10 at the ????? ???? Centre for UN Reform, April 16, 2008, retrieved October 31, 2010

[10] Press Trust Of India (7 July 2014). "BRICS summit to be Modi's first multilateral meet" . Business Standard . ??? ?? 25 ????? 2014 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 28 July 2014 .

[11] "BRICS summit: PM Modi leaves for Brazil, also to meet Latin leaders" . Hindustan Times . 12 July 2014. ??? ?? 13 ????? 2014 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 28 July 2014 .

[12] Archis Mohan (12 July 2014). "Modi causes interpreter crisis for external affairs ministry" . Business Standard . ??? ?? 26 ????? 2014 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 28 July 2014 .

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