???????

???????
	; ??????? ?? ?????, ?? ??? (2.5 ?? ??) ?????? ?? ??? ??, ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???
???????
????	????
???????? ?????	CuAl 6 (PO 4 ) 4 (OH) 8 ·4H 2 O
?????
????	????, ???, ???-???
???????? ?????	????, ????????
???????? ???????	????????????
???????	Good to perfect - usually N/A
????????	?????????
?????? ????? ??????	5-6
???	Waxy to subvitreous
??????????? ???????	1.61-1.65
??????????????	+0.040
???????	???-?????
????????? ????????	2.6-2.9
?????????????	???? ?????????????? ???? ??? ???????
?????????	?????????????? ???? ??? ???????
???????

??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??, ????? ???????? ????? ??: Cu Al ₆( P O ₄) ₄(O H ) ₈· 4 H ₂O . ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????

??????? ?? ??? [ ??????? ???? ]

????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????? ?? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

???? [ ??????? ???? ]

????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

???? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????? ?? ?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

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?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

???????? ??? ??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????????????? [ ??????? ???? ]

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???? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????????? ??? ??-???? [ ??????? ???? ]

Slab of turquoise in matrix showing a large variety of different colouration

?????? ?? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

Gemology and Jewelry ???????????

?????????? ?????? ?? Turquoise (mineral) ?? ????????? ?????? ???

List of minerals

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

↑ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy , 20th ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York ISBN 0-471-80580-7
↑ "Turquoise:turquoise mineral information and data" . mindat.org. ??? ?? 12 ????? 2006 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 4 October 2006 .
↑ http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/turquoise.pdf Archived 2012-02-11 at the ????? ???? Handbook of Mineralogy

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

British Museum (2000)? Aztec turquoise mosaics . Retrieved November 15, 2004 from www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk
Dietrich, R. V. (2004)? Turquoise . Retrieved November 20, 2004 from www.cst.cmich.edu/users/dietr1rv/turquoise.htm
Persian Turquoise Mine [1]
Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy , 20th ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York ISBN 0-471-80580-7
King, R. J. (2002) Turquoise . Geology Today 18 (3), pp. 110?114. Retrieved November 24, 2004, from: http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2451.2002.00345.x/full/
Pogue, J. E. (1915)? The turquoise: a study of its history, mineralogy, geology, ethnology, archaeology, mythology, folklore, and technology . National Academy of Sciences, The Rio Grande Press, Glorieta, New Mexico. ISBN 0-87380-056-7
Schadt, H. (1996)? Goldsmith's art: 5000 years of jewelry and hollowware . Arnoldsche Art Publisher, Stuttgard, New York. ISBN 3-925369-54-6
Schumann, W. (2000)? Gemstones of the world , revised edition. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 0-8069-9461-4
USGS (2002)? Turquoise . An overview of production of specific U.S. gemstones . U.S. Bureau of Mines Special Publication 14-19. Retrieved November 15, 2004 from https://web.archive.org/web/20070520223504/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gemstones/sp14-95/turquoise.html
Webster, R. (2000)? Gems: Their sources, descriptions and identification (5th ed.), pp. 254?263. Butterworth-Heinemann, Great Britain. ISBN 0-7506-1674-1

[Hurlbut-1] Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy , 20th ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York ISBN 0-471-80580-7

[mindat-2] "Turquoise:turquoise mineral information and data" . mindat.org. ??? ?? 12 ????? 2006 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 4 October 2006 .

[rruff-3] ttp://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/turquoise.pdf Archived 2012-02-11 at the ????? ???? Handbook of Mineralogy

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