???????????? (Ophthalmology), ??????????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????, ????????????, ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????????, ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????, ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????

?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??, ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????????? , ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??, ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? , ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??, ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????: ??? ?? ????????, ????, ????????????, ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??, ?? ???????????? ?? ??? "?????????????" ?? "?????????????" ?? 1-19 ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????, ???????, ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???

????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??, ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? :

1. ????? ??? (Accessory Organs), ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????

2. ????? ?? ??? (Visual Apparatus), ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???

??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???, ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? , ??????? , ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???, ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??, ???? ??????? ????????? (pigment epithelium) ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???, ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? (aperture) ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???

????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????-???????? (opticnerve) ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? (refractive error) ???? ???, ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???, ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?????

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????? ??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

• American Academy of Ophthalmology
• Jharkhand Ophthalmological Society
• Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology
• Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
• American Society of Cataract & Refractive Surgery
• European Society of Cataract & Refractive Surgery
• European Vitreo-Retinal Society
• Royal College of Ophthalmologists
• American Board of Eye Surgeons
• American Board of Ophthalmology
• International Council of Ophthalmology
• Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
• All India Ophthalmological Society
• Delhi Ophthalmological Society
• Ophthalmological Society of Bangladesh
• The David G. Cogan Ophthalmic Pathology Collection
• Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh
• Canadian Ophthalmological Society
• Daily Ophthalmology News
• Difference Between an Optometrist and Ophthalmologist ^{[ ??? ??????? ]}