한국   대만   중국   일본 
???? ?????? - ?????????? ??????? ?? ????

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?? ??? ???? ?????? (?????????? ??? ???) ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???, ???? ?????? (??????????) ??????
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Hardy between about 1910 and 1915
???? 2 ??? 1840
???????????? , ??????? , ?????????
??? 11 ????? 1928 ( 1928-01-11 ) (???? 87)
????????? , ???????, ?????????
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???? ?????????? , ??? ?? ??? ??? ????
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????????? ???s ??? ?? ?? ??????????
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? ???? ??? ???????????
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???? ?????? (2 ??? 1840 -- 11 ????? 1928) ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???

?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??:???? ???? ?? ??????? ??, ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??, ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? '??????? ?? ???????' ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? '??????? ?? ?????'?

???? [ ??????? ???? ]

???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? (????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????????? ?? ????? ?? ????) ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? (????) ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? [1] ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????????? ???? ?? ??? ?? 16 ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? 1862 ??? ???? ??? ??; ???? ???????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ???, ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????

1870 ???, ???????? [2] ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???, 1874 ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? [3] [4] ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? 1912 ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???, ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??, ?????? 1912-13 ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 1914 ???, ?????? ?? ???? ?? 39 ??? ????, ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????-???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? [5]

???????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??

?????? 1927 ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? 11 ????? 1928 ?? ??? ?? 9 ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???; ?????? ??????-???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???, "????? ?? ????????", "???????" ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? 16 ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???. ?????, ???? ????????, ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???. ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???

?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???, ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???, ????? ?? ?? ??? 1820 ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? [6] ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????,1841-1891 ???????? ?????: ?? ??????? ?????, ??????, ?????, ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???

?????? ?? ??? ?? ??.??. ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? 1920 ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???

1910 ???, ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????

????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????

??????????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??, ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? 1870 ?? 1898 ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? '????????? ???' ???? ?? - ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???

???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? 1879 ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???, '???????? ????????', 1872 ??? ?????, '???? ?? ???????? ????' ?? 1873 ??? ????? '? ???? ?? ?????? ???'? ???? ???? '??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????' ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? - '?? ??????????', '?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????', '?? ??????? ????' ?? '?? ???? ?? ???????????'? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????

??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? '??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ???? ??????' ????? ?? ?? ??? ???: ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???

??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? '?? ??????????' (The dynasts) ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???

??????? ?? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??, ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??, ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???, ???? ?????? ?????? ??. ?????? ( ????????? ???????? ?? ?????) ?? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ? ???? ?? ????? ????? [7] ?????? ??????????? ??? ???, ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????-?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????

???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ????:

“ The Christian god ? the external personality ? has been replaced by the intelligence of the First Cause…the replacement of the old concept of God as all-powerful by a new concept of universal consciousness. The 'tribal god, man-shaped, fiery-faced and tyrannous' is replaced by the 'unconscious will of the Universe' which progressively grows aware of itself and 'ultimately, it is to be hoped, sympathetic'. [8] ”

?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? , ???????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????-???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???, ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???, ?????? ?? ???? ????,

“ Mr. Hardy regrets that he is unable to offer any hypothesis which would reconcile the existence of such evils as Dr. Grosart describes with the idea of omnipotent goodness. Perhaps Dr. Grosart might be helped to a provisional view of the universe by the recently published Life of Darwin, and the works of Herbert Spencer , and other agnostics. [9] ”

??? ??, ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??, ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? [9] ?? ??????? ?? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???, ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???, ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???

??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ( ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??) ?? ??? ?????? ??????? , ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? [10] ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??, ???? ????? ?????? . ??? ?? 1858 ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ???????? (1848) ?? ????? ??, ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? "???????????" ???? ??? ??? "?????? ????????" ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? [11]

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????:Hardy's Cottage.JPG
???? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????, ???? ???? ? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???

1867 ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????, ? ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??, ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????? (1871) ?? ???? ? ???????? ???? (1872) ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ???? ???? 1873 ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? " ??????????? " ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? (?? ??????? 1872 ?? ????? 1873 ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???) ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???

?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? (1874) ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????-?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???

?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???, ???? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ? ????? (1878) ?? ???? ??? 1885 ???, ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ? ???? ??? ??????????? (1886), ? ?????????? (1887) ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????????? (1891) ????, ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? "???? ??????" ?? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????????, ? ????? ????: ????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???

1895 ??? ???????? ??? ? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? "??? ? ?????" ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? [6] 1912 ?? ???? ??????? ???, ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????: "????? ?? ?? (????) ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? - ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???". [12]

?? ?????? ?? ??????, 1900 ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ? ????

????????? ???? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? 1898 ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? 1871 ?? 1895 ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? , ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????-?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????, ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????, ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? - ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? - ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??

?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? 19??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???, ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????-?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???

“ In a novel structured around contrasts, the main opposition is between Swithin St Cleeve and Lady Viviette Constantine, who are presented as binary figures in a series of ways: aristocratic and lower class, youthful and mature, single and married, fair and dark, religious and agnostic…she [Lady Viviette Constantine] is also deeply conventional, absurdly wishing to conceal their marriage until Swithin has achieved social status through his scientific work, which gives rise to uncontrolled ironies and tragic-comic misunderstandings (Harvey 108). ”

?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? "?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ? ???? ????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????." [13] ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????

?????? 19??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??:

“ Justice was done, and the President of the Immortals, in Æschylean phrase, had ended his sport with Tess. And the d'Urberville knights and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing. The two speechless gazers bent themselves down to the earth, as if in prayer, and remained thus a long time, absolutely motionless: the flag continued to wave silently. As soon as they had strength they arose, joined hands again, and went on. ”

????? ??? ??, ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??-????? ?? (???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??)? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??, ??? ????, ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? 1890 ?? ??? ?? '?? ??????' ?? ???????????? ???? ??? [14]

???? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???, ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? [15] (??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? - ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??? - ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????)?

????? [ ??????? ???? ]

???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????

1898 ??? ?????? ?? 30 ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? 1928 ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????, ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????, ??????? ????? ??????? ????? 1973 ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????

??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???-????? ??, ???? ?? ??????? ??, "???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????????" ???? ???? ??? [16]

???? ??????? ??????? ???? " ???????? ????? " ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? " ? ????????? ???? " ?? "?? ????? ???????" ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???-????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? "? ???????? ??? ?? ??????", ????????? ?? ??????, ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????????, "? ???????? ????" ?? "???????" ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????

?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? "? ????????? ????" (??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????)) ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ?? RSPCA ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? [17]

??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? , ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???-???? ???? ???, ???????? ?????? ????? ???-???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??, ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? . ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? "? ????????? ????" ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???-??? ??????? ????-????? ?? ??? "? ????????? ????" ?? ?????? ???? ???

????????? ??? ??????????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????:Off-topic-other

???? ???????: [[ Thomas Hardy's Wessex ]]

???????? ?????? ??????? ??, ????? ???? ??????? ??, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??, ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??, ????????? ????-??????? ??,

???? ????? ??? ?? ??????-???? ??, ???????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??, ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? 1801 ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????????? ??, ?????????? ????? ?????? ??, ?????? ???? ?? 50°46′38.75″N 2°6′7.09″W  /  50.7774306°N 2.1019694°W  / 50.7774306; -2.1019694 ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????????-???? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ????? ??? (??? - ??????? ?? 51°0′30.75″N 1°59′18.30″W  /  51.0085417°N 1.9884167°W  / 51.0085417; -1.9884167 ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? 1967 ????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???) ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? "??????? ???? ????" ??? ?????? ???? [18] ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? [19] 50°46' 38.75" N 2°6′7.09″W? / ?50.7774306°N 2.1019694°W? / 50.7774306; -2.1019694 ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? [18] ???? ???????? ?????, ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ??????????? ??, ? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????. ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??, ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??, ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??, ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???

?????????? ?? ???? ????????? ? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???, ?????? ???, ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ? ????? ??? ? ???-?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ???, ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ? ???????? ??????? , ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ?? ???????????? ?? ??? ? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????-?????? ??, ??????? ???? ? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ? ????????? ?? ????????????? ??? ?????, ???????? ??? ? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??, ?????? ?????? ????? ??, ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????; ????????? ????????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???

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??.??.?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? (1936) ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???, ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????-????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ? ????? (1915, ????) ?? ???? ?? ?? (1920, ???? ???????) ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???

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  1. ↑ ?????? ??????, Thomas Hardy: the Time-torn Man(Penguin, 2007) pp.30,36.
  2. ↑ ??????, ????? (??.) (1975) Chosen Poems of Thomas Hardy, London: Macmillan Education; p.9.
  3. ↑ ??????, ??? (1961)Some Recollections by Emma Hardy; with some relevant poems by Thomas Hardy; ed. by Evelyn Hardy & R. Gittings. ????: ?????????? ??????????? ?????
  4. ↑ "Thomas Hardy ? the Time-Torn Man" (??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????), ?????? ?????? 4, 23 ??????? 2006
  5. ↑ "Thomas Hardy at Stourhead" Archived 2011-09-14 at the ????? ???? ?????? ?????? , 10 ????? 2004 (???? ???????: 7 ?????? 2009)
  6. ↑ ? ? "Homeground: Dead man talking" ?????? ?????? , 20 ????? 2003 (???? ???????: 7 ?????? 2009)
  7. ↑ Claire Tomalin, Thomas Hardy, The Time Torn Man(???????, 2007), pp.46?47.
  8. ↑ Wotton, George. Thomas Hardy: Towards A Materialist Criticism. Lanham,: Rowan & Littlefield, 1985, p.36.
  9. ↑ ? ? Ellman, Richard & O'Clair, Robert (eds.) 1988. "Thomas Hardy" in The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, Norton, New York.
  10. ↑ "Biography: Thomas Hardy" Archived 2013-06-22 at the ????? ???? wps. Ablongman.com , (???? ???????: 7 ?????? 2009)
  11. ↑ "Adelene Buckland: Thomas Hardy, Provincial Geology and the Material Imagination " . ??? ?? 1 ?????? 2011 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 1 ????? 2010 .
  12. ↑ Hardy, Thomas (1998). Jude the Obscure . Penguin Classics. ??? 466. ????????????   0140435387 . ??? ?? 19 ??? 2013 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 1 ????? 2010 .
  13. ↑ "Far from the Madding Crowd, Thomas Hardy ? Introduction" Archived 2010-01-15 at the ????? ???? (Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Linda Pavlovski. ???? 153. ??? ?????, ???, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 12 ????? 2008) eNotes.com (??????????? 7 ?????? 2009)
  14. ↑ Words Words Words , La Spiga Languages, 2003 p.482
  15. ↑ A Short History of English Literature, Emile Legouis, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1934
  16. ↑ ??????, ??????. "Thomas Hardy." ???? ?????: ???????, 2007.
  17. ↑ Herbert N. Schneidau. "Waking Giants: The Presence of the Past in Modernism" . ?????? ???? 16 ?????? 2008 . (???? ????????)
  18. ↑ ? ? "???????? ?????" . ??? ?? 22 ?????? 2008 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 1 ????? 2010 .
  19. ↑ "???????? ?????" . ??? ?? 5 ????? 2016 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 1 ????? 2010 .

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

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  • ??????, ?????. ???? ??????. ???? ?????: ???? ???????, 1942.
  • Brennecke, Jr., Ernest. The Life of Thomas Hardy. ???? ?????: ?????????, 1925.
  • ?? '??????, ???????, "Music and Metaphor in Under the Greenwood Tree, in The Thomas Hardy Journal, 9, 2 (May 1993), pp.39?50.
  • ?? '??????, ???????, “Between Belief and Non-Belief: Thomas Hardy’s ‘The Shadow on the Stone’”, in Thomas Hardy, Francesco Marroni and Norman Page (eds), Pescara, Edizioni Tracce, 1995, pp.197?222.
  • ????, ???? ?? ???? ??????. Providence and Mr. Hardy. ????: ???????, 1966.
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  • ??????, ???????????, ""The Poetry of Ornithology in Keats, Leopardi, and Hardy: A Dialogic Analysis", in "Thomas Hardy Journal", 14, 2 (Mayy 1998) pp. 35?44
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  • ? ?????, ??????? Thomas Hardy: An Illustrated Biography. ????: ???????, 1975.
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  • ????, ???????. The Unknown Thomas Hardy. ?????????: ???? ???????, 1987.
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  • ??????, ???, ??. Thomas Hardy Reappraised: Essays in Honour of Michael Millgate. ??????, 2006 ?????: ????????????? ?? ??????.
  • ????, ?????. Thomas Hardy: Towards A Materialist Criticism. Lanham: Rowan & Littlefield, 1985.
  • Letter from Hardy to Bertram Windle, transcribed by Birgit Plietzsch, from CL, vol 2, pp.131?133

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