?????????????

????????????? (gravitation) ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????,?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? , ??????????? , ???????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ^[1]^[2]

????????? ?????:-

????????????? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ????? "??" ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? g ?? ??? ???? 9.8 m/s^2 ?? 1 g (???? 1 g = 9.8 m/s^2) ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????????????????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??, ?? ????????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??, ?? ????????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????????????? ^[3] ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???

??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?

????????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??, ?? ????????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??, ?? ????????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???

????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? ??? [ ??????? ???? ]

???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ^[7]????? ????????, ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??| ^[8]???? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? '???????' ?? ?????? ???? ?? ^[9]?

??? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??, ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??, ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??, ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??, ? ?? ???? ???? ??, ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? . ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???, ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??: ?? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ^[10]

?????? ???????/??????? ??????????? ( 598 - ??? 668 CE) ?? "??????????????? (???????????????)" ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ^[11]? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? (c. 1114 - c. 1185) ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? (??????? ??) ??? ??? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???|| ^[12]

?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??: ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ... ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ... ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???, ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ^[13]^[14]

??????? ?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

11??? ??? ?? ?????? ????????, ??-?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????????, ??? ?? ????????????? ???? ??? ^[15]12??? ??? ?? ????????? ??-?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ^[16]

?????????? ??? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????????? ?? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ^[17] ???????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? (???? ???) ???? ??, ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??, ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ^[18]

????????? ??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? 16 ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? 17 ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? (?????? ?????? ??????????? [4]) ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???, ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????????????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???, ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????????????? ????? ???? ??? [5] ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????

???????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????????, ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? (constant acceleration) ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ^[19]

?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????

????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????

?????? ?? ????? ???? : (??????? ?? ????) -??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???

??????? ???? - ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? (????? ????????) ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???

????? ???? : (???????? ??? ?? ????)- ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ????-????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ^[20]

?????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ???? [ ??????? ???? ]

??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????

???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? (?????????) ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????????????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????????? (Gravitation) ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????????????? ?? (Force of Gravitation) ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????????? ???? (Law of Gravitation) ???? ???? ???-??? ?? ???? ?? ????????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? (Inverse Square Law) ?? ??? ???? ???

????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? : ??? ???? m ₁ ?? ????? ???? m ₂ ?? ???? ?????? d ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? f ?? ????? ???? :

F={m_{1}m_{2} \over r^{2}}

--- (?)

???? G ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? (Gravitational Constant) ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? (dimension) ?? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? (?) ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ^[21]

?????? ?? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????? ??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?? ????? ??-????????????? ?? ?????????
Chapter 10. Gravity , from Light and Matter: educational materials for physics and astronomy
Gravity Probe B Experiment The Official Einstein website from Stanford University
Center for Gravity, Electrical, and Magnetic Studies
Gravity for kids (flash)
Ask a scientist , Physics Archive
How does gravity work?
What if there were no gravity on Earth?
Alternative theory of gravity explains large structure formation -- without dark matter PhysOrg.com
Do it yourself, gravitation experiment
How to calculate the size of the gravitation

↑ Pickover, Clifford (2008-04-16). Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them (????????? ???). Oxford University Press. ???????????? 978-0-19-979268-9 .
↑ "Gravitation" . Maths History (????????? ???) . ?????? ???? 2023-08-08 .
↑ Guide, Rpsc. "????????????? ?? ???? ???? ????" . Rpsc guide . ??? ?? 24 ????? 2023 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 24 ????? 2023 .
↑ "Part I ? B. Aristotle's Theory of Free-Fall | Relativity of Gravity" (????????? ???) . ?????? ???? 2023-06-09 .
↑ Drabkin, Israel E. (1938). "Notes on the Laws of Motion in Aristotle" . The American Journal of Philology . 59 (1): 60?84. JSTOR 90584 . ????? : 10.2307/290584 .
↑ Rovelli, Carlo (2015). "Aristotle's Physics: A Physicist's Look" . Journal of the American Philosophical Association (????????? ???). 1 (1): 23?40. arXiv : 1312.4057 . S2CID 44193681 . ???????????? 2053-4477 . ????? : 10.1017/apa.2014.11 . ?????? ???? 2018-11-08 .
↑ Grant, Edward (1996-10-13). The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages . Cambridge University Press. ???????????? 978-0-521-56137-2 .
↑ Bakker, Frederik; Palmerino, Carla Rita (2020-06-01). "Motion to the Center or Motion to the Whole? Plutarch's Views on Gravity and Their Influence on Galileo" . Isis (????????? ???). 111 (2): 217?238. ???????????? 0021-1753 . ????? : 10.1086/709138 .
↑ "The Architecture of Vitruvius, Book VIII" , The Architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio , Cambridge University Press, ???? 227?258, 2014-10-31 , ?????? ???? 2023-04-08
↑ Vitruvius, Marcus Pollio (1914). "VII" . ???????? Howard, Alfred A. (?????). De Architectura libri decem [ Ten Books on Architecture ] (????????? ???). Herbert Langford Warren, Nelson Robinson (illus), Morris Hicky Morgan. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ??? 215.
↑ "Columbia University Libraries: Alberuni's India (v. 1)" . www.columbia.edu . ?????? ???? 2023-04-08 .
↑ Bh?skar?c?rya, Bapu Deva Sastri. Ancient system of Hindu astronomy (English ???). Harvard University. Baptist mission press, 1861. ????1 ??????: ??????? ???? ( link )
↑ Bh?skar?c?rya, Bapu Deva Sastri. Ancient system of Hindu astronomy (English ???). Harvard University. Baptist mission press, 1861. ????1 ??????: ??????? ???? ( link )
↑ Bhaskaracarya (1150). "???????". Siddhanta Shiroma?i: Goladhyayah (PDF) (??????? ???). Calcutta, India.
↑ Starr, S. Frederick (2015-06-02). Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane (????????? ???). Princeton University Press. ???????????? 978-0-691-16585-1 .
↑ “Statics”? Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 2 : 614?642? (1996)? Psychology Press? “Using a whole body of mathematical methods (not only those inherited from the antique theory of ratios and infinitesimal techniques, but also the methods of the contemporary algebra and fine calculation techniques), Muslim scientists raised statics to a new, higher level. The classical results of Archimedes in the theory of the centre of gravity were generalized and applied to three-dimensional bodies, the theory of ponderable lever was founded and the 'science of gravity' was created and later further developed in medieval Europe. The phenomena of statics were studied by using the dynamic approach so that two trends ? statics and dynamics ? turned out to be inter-related within a single science, mechanics. The combination of the dynamic approach with Archimedean hydrostatics gave birth to a direction in science which may be called medieval hydrodynamics. ... Numerous fine experimental methods were developed for determining the specific weight, which were based, in particular, on the theory of balances and weighing. The classical works of al-Biruni and al-Khazini can by right be considered as the beginning of the application of experimental methods in medieval science.”
↑ Ouellette, Jennifer (2023-02-10). "Leonardo noted link between gravity and acceleration before Newton" . Ars Technica (????????? ???) . ?????? ???? 2023-04-09 .
↑ direct.mit.edu https://direct.mit.edu/leon/article-abstract/56/1/21/113863/Leonardo-da-Vinci-s-Visualization-of-Gravity-as-a . ?????? ???? 2023-04-09 . ???? ???? ???? |title= ( ??? )
↑ Machamer, Peter; Miller, David Marshall (2021), Zalta, Edward N. (?????), "Galileo Galilei" , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 ???????), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University , ?????? ???? 2023-04-08
↑ "Orbits and Kepler's Laws" . NASA Solar System Exploration . ?????? ???? 2023-04-08 .
↑ Smith, George (2008), Zalta, Edward N. (?????), "Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 ???????), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University , ?????? ???? 2023-04-08

[1] Pickover, Clifford (2008-04-16). Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them (????????? ???). Oxford University Press. ???????????? 978-0-19-979268-9 .

[2] "Gravitation" . Maths History (????????? ???) . ?????? ???? 2023-08-08 .

[3] Guide, Rpsc. "????????????? ?? ???? ???? ????" . Rpsc guide . ??? ?? 24 ????? 2023 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 24 ????? 2023 .

[:4-4] "Part I ? B. Aristotle's Theory of Free-Fall | Relativity of Gravity" (????????? ???) . ?????? ???? 2023-06-09 .

[5] Drabkin, Israel E. (1938). "Notes on the Laws of Motion in Aristotle" . The American Journal of Philology . 59 (1): 60?84. JSTOR 90584 . ????? : 10.2307/290584 .

[:002-6] Rovelli, Carlo (2015). "Aristotle's Physics: A Physicist's Look" . Journal of the American Philosophical Association (????????? ???). 1 (1): 23?40. arXiv : 1312.4057 . S2CID 44193681 . ???????????? 2053-4477 . ????? : 10.1017/apa.2014.11 . ?????? ???? 2018-11-08 .

[7] Grant, Edward (1996-10-13). The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages . Cambridge University Press. ???????????? 978-0-521-56137-2 .

[8] Bakker, Frederik; Palmerino, Carla Rita (2020-06-01). "Motion to the Center or Motion to the Whole? Plutarch's Views on Gravity and Their Influence on Galileo" . Isis (????????? ???). 111 (2): 217?238. ???????????? 0021-1753 . ????? : 10.1086/709138 .

[9] "The Architecture of Vitruvius, Book VIII" , The Architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio , Cambridge University Press, ???? 227?258, 2014-10-31 , ?????? ???? 2023-04-08

[10] Vitruvius, Marcus Pollio (1914). "VII" . ???????? Howard, Alfred A. (?????). De Architectura libri decem [ Ten Books on Architecture ] (????????? ???). Herbert Langford Warren, Nelson Robinson (illus), Morris Hicky Morgan. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ??? 215.

[11] "Columbia University Libraries: Alberuni's India (v. 1)" . www.columbia.edu . ?????? ???? 2023-04-08 .

[12] Bh?skar?c?rya, Bapu Deva Sastri. Ancient system of Hindu astronomy (English ???). Harvard University. Baptist mission press, 1861. ????1 ??????: ??????? ???? ( link )

[13] Bh?skar?c?rya, Bapu Deva Sastri. Ancient system of Hindu astronomy (English ???). Harvard University. Baptist mission press, 1861. ????1 ??????: ??????? ???? ( link )

[14] Bhaskaracarya (1150). "???????". Siddhanta Shiroma?i: Goladhyayah (PDF) (??????? ???). Calcutta, India.

[15] Starr, S. Frederick (2015-06-02). Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane (????????? ???). Princeton University Press. ???????????? 978-0-691-16585-1 .

[16] “Statics”? Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 2 : 614?642? (1996)? Psychology Press? “Using a whole body of mathematical methods (not only those inherited from the antique theory of ratios and infinitesimal techniques, but also the methods of the contemporary algebra and fine calculation techniques), Muslim scientists raised statics to a new, higher level. The classical results of Archimedes in the theory of the centre of gravity were generalized and applied to three-dimensional bodies, the theory of ponderable lever was founded and the 'science of gravity' was created and later further developed in medieval Europe. The phenomena of statics were studied by using the dynamic approach so that two trends ? statics and dynamics ? turned out to be inter-related within a single science, mechanics. The combination of the dynamic approach with Archimedean hydrostatics gave birth to a direction in science which may be called medieval hydrodynamics. ... Numerous fine experimental methods were developed for determining the specific weight, which were based, in particular, on the theory of balances and weighing. The classical works of al-Biruni and al-Khazini can by right be considered as the beginning of the application of experimental methods in medieval science.”

[17] Ouellette, Jennifer (2023-02-10). "Leonardo noted link between gravity and acceleration before Newton" . Ars Technica (????????? ???) . ?????? ???? 2023-04-09 .

[18] direct.mit.edu https://direct.mit.edu/leon/article-abstract/56/1/21/113863/Leonardo-da-Vinci-s-Visualization-of-Gravity-as-a . ?????? ???? 2023-04-09 . ???? ???? ???? |title= ( ??? )

[19] Machamer, Peter; Miller, David Marshall (2021), Zalta, Edward N. (?????), "Galileo Galilei" , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 ???????), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University , ?????? ???? 2023-04-08

[20] "Orbits and Kepler's Laws" . NASA Solar System Exploration . ?????? ???? 2023-04-08 .

[21] Smith, George (2008), Zalta, Edward N. (?????), "Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 ???????), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University , ?????? ???? 2023-04-08

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