??????????

???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????-????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????????-??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ^[1]^[2]

???? ??? [ ??????? ???? ]

????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? '??????????' (astronaut) ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? '?????????' (Космонавт) ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? '????????' ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? '????????' ?? '??????' ???? ??? ????? ???-??? ???? ???? ????????? ?? '???????' ?? '?????? ???' (太空人) ?? ??? ???? ???

?????? ?? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

↑ NASA (2006). "Astronaut Fact Book" (PDF) . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . ??? ?? 26 ?????? 2007 ?? ????????? (PDF) . ?????? ???? October 4, 2007 .
↑ Marie MacKay (2005). "Former astronaut visits USU" . The Utah Statesman. ??? ?? 26 ?????? 2008 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? October 4, 2007 .

[fact-1] NASA (2006). "Astronaut Fact Book" (PDF) . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . ??? ?? 26 ?????? 2007 ?? ????????? (PDF) . ?????? ???? October 4, 2007 .

[utah-2] Marie MacKay (2005). "Former astronaut visits USU" . The Utah Statesman. ??? ?? 26 ?????? 2008 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? October 4, 2007 .

[1]

[2]