????????-????????? ???????? ????

??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??-?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? - ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??

????????-????????? ???????? ???? ( Cretaceous?Paleogene extinction event ), ???? ????????-??????? ???????? ( Cretaceous?Tertiary extinction ) ?? ???? ???, ?? ?? ???? ?.? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???-????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? "??-?? ????????" ( K?T extinction ) ?? "??-???? ????????" ( K?Pg extinction ) ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ( Mesozoic Era , ????????? ???????) ?? ????? ???? ( Cretaceous Period , ???????? ???) ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ( Cenozoic Era , ????????? ???????) ????? ???, ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ^[1]^[2]^[3]

?????????? ???? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????-?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??-???? ?? ??-?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? (?????????, ?????????????) ??, ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????????????? (??????????) ??? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?.? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????????? ?? ?? ????????-????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????-???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???-????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?.? ????? ???? ??? ??? ^[4]^[5] ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????-?? ??? ?? ?? ????????-????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??-?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???

?????? ?? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

↑ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" . International Commission on Stratigraphy. 2015. ??? ?? 13 ????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 29 April 2015 .
↑ Renne, Paul R.; Deino, Alan L.; Hilgen, Frederik J.; Kuiper, Klaudia F.; Mark, Darren F.; Mitchell, William S.; Morgan, Leah E.; Mundil, Roland; Smit, Jan (7 February 2013). "Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary" . Science . 339 (6120): 684?687. PMID 23393261 . ????? : 10.1126/science.1230492 . ?????? : 2013Sci...339..684R . ??? ?? 24 ?????? 2015 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 10 ????? 2015 .
↑ Fortey, R (1999). Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth . Vintage. ???? 238?260. ???????????? 978-0-375-70261-7 .
↑ Vellekoop J, Sluijs A, Smit J; ??? ???? (May 2014). "Rapid short-term cooling following the Chicxulub impact at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 111 (21): 7537?41. PMID 24821785 . ????? : 10.1073/pnas.1319253111 . ?????? : 2014PNAS..111.7537V . Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= ( ??? ) ????1 ??????: ?? ?? ???? ???: authors list ( link )
↑ Hildebrand, A. R.; Penfield, G. T.; ??? ???? (1991). "Chicxulub crater: a possible Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary impact crater on the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico" . Geology . 19 (9): 867?871. ????? : 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0867:ccapct>2.3.co;2 . ?????? : 1991Geo....19..867H .

[1] "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" . International Commission on Stratigraphy. 2015. ??? ?? 13 ????? 2017 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 29 April 2015 .

[Renne2013-2] Renne, Paul R.; Deino, Alan L.; Hilgen, Frederik J.; Kuiper, Klaudia F.; Mark, Darren F.; Mitchell, William S.; Morgan, Leah E.; Mundil, Roland; Smit, Jan (7 February 2013). "Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary" . Science . 339 (6120): 684?687. PMID 23393261 . ????? : 10.1126/science.1230492 . ?????? : 2013Sci...339..684R . ??? ?? 24 ?????? 2015 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 10 ????? 2015 .

[Fortey-3] Fortey, R (1999). Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth . Vintage. ???? 238?260. ???????????? 978-0-375-70261-7 .

[4] Vellekoop J, Sluijs A, Smit J; ??? ???? (May 2014). "Rapid short-term cooling following the Chicxulub impact at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 111 (21): 7537?41. PMID 24821785 . ????? : 10.1073/pnas.1319253111 . ?????? : 2014PNAS..111.7537V . Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= ( ??? ) ????1 ??????: ?? ?? ???? ???: authors list ( link )

[Hildebrand,_A._R._1991-5] Hildebrand, A. R.; Penfield, G. T.; ??? ???? (1991). "Chicxulub crater: a possible Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary impact crater on the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico" . Geology . 19 (9): 867?871. ????? : 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0867:ccapct>2.3.co;2 . ?????? : 1991Geo....19..867H .

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