??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???
?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???
?????? ???????
(Cytology) ??
?????? ??????
(Cell biology) ???
????????
?? ?????????????? ????? (physiological properties), ??????, ?????????? (organelles), ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????, ????????,
??????
??? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???
???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????????,
?????????
(molecular biology) ??? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???
???-??? ?????? ??
???????
?????? ?? ???-??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????-??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????-????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
- Active transport and Passive transport
- Movement of molecules into and out of cells.
- ???????????
(Autophagy) - The process whereby cells "eat" their own internal components or microbial invaders.
- ?????
(Adhesion) - Holding together cells and tissues.
- ???
- Made possible by the combination of sperm made in the testiculi (contained in some male cells' nuclei) and the egg made in the ovary (contained in the nucleus of a female cell). When the sperm breaks through the hard outer shell of the egg a new cell embryo is formed, which, in humans, grows to full size in 9 months.
- ?????? ?????
: Chemotaxis, Contraction, cilia and flagella.
- ?????? ??????
(Cell signaling) - Regulation of cell behavior by signals from outside.
- ????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????
- ??????
: Glycolysis, respiration, Photosynthesis
- Transcription and mRNA splicing - gene expression.
- ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? - ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???????
- ?????????????? (???????) - ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????????????? ?? "???? ???"?
- ????? (?????) - ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????
- ??? - ???? (??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????) ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? (?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??, ?? ???????? ???, 9 ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???
??? ?????: ???????????, ??????, ?????? ?? ?????????
- ?????? ?????? (??? ?????????) - ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????
- ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????
- ??????: ???????????????, ?????, ?????? ????????
- ????????? ?? mRNA splicing gene expression ??????
?????? ?? ????? ?????
?????????
?????? .
????????
(Protozoa)
??????
??
??????
(Virus) ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??, ????? ????????: ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???, ???? ???? ??
????????
(mammal) ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???
?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? :
????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????
?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????
?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ???, ????? ????? (resting) ??????? ??? ?? ?????: ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ???? (Polyphasic colliod) ??, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? (organised) ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???
??????-?????? ?? ???????
[
??????? ????
]
???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????
????????????
?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????????????, ?????????? ???????? ????????????, ???????? ???????? ????????????, ?????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????
?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??, ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? :
- (1) ??????????? (Prophase),
- (2) ?????????? (Metaphase),
- (3) ?????????? (Anaphase),
- (4) ??????????? (Telophase)
??????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???, ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?? ???????????? ?????: ?????????? (spiralization) ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ????? (spindle apparatus) ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ???????? ???, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??, ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? (Centrosomo) ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???, ???? ?????????? (Centriole) ???? ????