???

??? ( ????????? : shaman, ???? ?? ???? ) ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ???????, ????-??????? ?? ??? ???? ????-???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????-????? ?? ????? ?? '?????' ?? '???? ?? ????' ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ^[1]^[2]

??? ???? ( shamanism, ???????? ) ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????? , ???????? , ???????? , ??? ??????? ??????? ????, ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???, ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ^[3] ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????-??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? '???-????? ??????' ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ?????-????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ^[4]

??? ????? ?? ???????? [ ??????? ???? ]

???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???
???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???
???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???
????????? ?? ?? ???
????? ?? ??????????????? ?????? ?? ???
???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???
?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???

?????? ?? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

↑ The Way of the Shaman , Michael Harner, Michael J. Harner, HarperCollins, 1990, ISBN 978-0-06-250373-2 , ... Shamans are especially healers, but they also engage in divination, seeing into the present, past, and future for other members of the community. A shaman is a see-er ...
↑ An Encyclopedia of Shamanism , Christina Pratt, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4042-1140-7 , ... A shaman is a specific type of healer who uses a trance state, or alternate state of consciousness, to enter the invisible world ...
↑ Shamans in Asia , Clark Chilson, Psychology Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-415-29679-3 , ... It is the duty of the ojha to find this out. In Kushtia there is a custom that if anyone is bitten by a snake someone runs to the house of an ojha or a shaman with the news that a man or woman, as the case may be, has a kata gha (cut wound) ...
↑ North Indian notes and queries, Volumes 4-5 , William Crooke, Pioneer Press, 1894, ... The ceremony performed by the Ojha to discover a witch is called kansa kurthi, and much resembles the old Scotch superstition ...

[ref14quzev-1] The Way of the Shaman , Michael Harner, Michael J. Harner, HarperCollins, 1990, ISBN 978-0-06-250373-2 , ... Shamans are especially healers, but they also engage in divination, seeing into the present, past, and future for other members of the community. A shaman is a see-er ...

[ref71paxup-2] An Encyclopedia of Shamanism , Christina Pratt, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4042-1140-7 , ... A shaman is a specific type of healer who uses a trance state, or alternate state of consciousness, to enter the invisible world ...

[ref63fovif-3] Shamans in Asia , Clark Chilson, Psychology Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-415-29679-3 , ... It is the duty of the ojha to find this out. In Kushtia there is a custom that if anyone is bitten by a snake someone runs to the house of an ojha or a shaman with the news that a man or woman, as the case may be, has a kata gha (cut wound) ...

[ref87hacol-4] North Indian notes and queries, Volumes 4-5 , William Crooke, Pioneer Press, 1894, ... The ceremony performed by the Ojha to discover a witch is called kansa kurthi, and much resembles the old Scotch superstition ...

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