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?????	?????? 2020 ; (??????????) ? ????? 2021 ; (??????????) ??????? 2021 ; (?????????)
????? ????	18 ?????? 2014 ; (???????????, ????????)

?????? ^[1] ??????? ^{??????
·
?????} (Gaganyaan) ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ^[2] ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ^[3] ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???, ?? 3.7 ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? 400 ???? (250 ???) ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ^[4] ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? 3 ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ^[5] ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? 18 ?????? 2014 ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ^[6]

?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????? ?? ????? 2006 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????-????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ^[7] ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? 2008 ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? 2009 ??? ??????? ???? ???? ^[8] ??????? ???, ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? 2013 ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ? ^[9]

?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? 2007 ??? 550 ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???

????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? 3-??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???

???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?????(escape) ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ^[10] ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ^[11]

?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? 3 ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ^[12]

???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ^[13]

??? ?????? ??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? 2016 ??? ???? ???? ??, ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? 2017 ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 5 ????? 2018 ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?

?????? ?? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

???????? ????? ???????????

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

↑ [Instagram.com/gaganyaanisro "Gaganyaan Isro"] ?????? |url= ??? ( ??? ) .
↑ "Rs 10,000 crore plan to send 3 Indians to space by 2022 - Times of India ?" . The Times of India . ??? ?? 14 ????? 2019 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2018-12-29 .
↑ "?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????" . ??? ?? 5 ????? 2019 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 29 ?????? 2018 .
↑ "As ISRO Works on Human Spaceflight, a Glimpse of Its Challenges From 45 Years Ago" . ??? ?? 31 ?????? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 31 ?????? 2018 .
↑ K.S. Jayaraman (11 February 2009), Designs for India's First Manned Spaceship Revealed , Bangalore: Space.com, ??? ?? 12 ?????? 2009 ?? ????????? , ?????? ???? 14 June 2013
↑ "???????? ?????" . ??? ?? 22 ?????? 2014 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 26 ????? 2017 .
↑ "Chandrayaan-3 a shot in the arm for Gaganyaan-1" .
↑ Priyadarshi, Siddhanta (23 February 2009). "Planning Commission Okays ISRO Manned Space Flight Program" . Indian Express . ??? 2. ??? ?? 12 ??? 2009 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 26 ????? 2017 .
↑ "ISRO gets green signal for manned space mission, Science News - By Indiaedunews.net" . ??? ?? 21 ?????? 2014 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 26 ????? 2017 .
↑ Ray, Kalyan (4 January 2009). "ISRO gears up for manned space mission" . Deccan Herald . Shillong. ??? ?? 3 ?????? 2014 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 14 June 2013 .
↑ "Orbital Vehicle" . ??? ?? 1 ?????? 2008 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 8 ?????? 2017 .
↑ ISRO eyes a manned Moon mission by 2015, awaiting Govt approval ^{[
??? ???????
]}
↑ IAS, Top IAS Coaching in Delhi-SHRI RAM. "Current Affairs for 21 March 2024 | Best IAS Coaching in Delhi, India - SHRI RAM IAS" . web.shriramias.in (????????? ???) . ?????? ???? 2024-03-21 .

[1] [Instagram.com/gaganyaanisro "Gaganyaan Isro"] ?????? |url= ??? ( ??? ) .

[:0-2] "Rs 10,000 crore plan to send 3 Indians to space by 2022 - Times of India ?" . The Times of India . ??? ?? 14 ????? 2019 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 2018-12-29 .

[3] "?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????" . ??? ?? 5 ????? 2019 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 29 ?????? 2018 .

[4] "As ISRO Works on Human Spaceflight, a Glimpse of Its Challenges From 45 Years Ago" . ??? ?? 31 ?????? 2018 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 31 ?????? 2018 .

[5] K.S. Jayaraman (11 February 2009), Designs for India's First Manned Spaceship Revealed , Bangalore: Space.com, ??? ?? 12 ?????? 2009 ?? ????????? , ?????? ???? 14 June 2013

[hal-india.com-6] "???????? ?????" . ??? ?? 22 ?????? 2014 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 26 ????? 2017 .

[7] "Chandrayaan-3 a shot in the arm for Gaganyaan-1" .

[ISRO-8] Priyadarshi, Siddhanta (23 February 2009). "Planning Commission Okays ISRO Manned Space Flight Program" . Indian Express . ??? 2. ??? ?? 12 ??? 2009 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 26 ????? 2017 .

[9] "ISRO gets green signal for manned space mission, Science News - By Indiaedunews.net" . ??? ?? 21 ?????? 2014 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 26 ????? 2017 .

[10] Ray, Kalyan (4 January 2009). "ISRO gears up for manned space mission" . Deccan Herald . Shillong. ??? ?? 3 ?????? 2014 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 14 June 2013 .

[11] "Orbital Vehicle" . ??? ?? 1 ?????? 2008 ?? ????????? . ?????? ???? 8 ?????? 2017 .

[12] ISRO eyes a manned Moon mission by 2015, awaiting Govt approval ^{[
??? ???????
]}

[13] IAS, Top IAS Coaching in Delhi-SHRI RAM. "Current Affairs for 21 March 2024 | Best IAS Coaching in Delhi, India - SHRI RAM IAS" . web.shriramias.in (????????? ???) . ?????? ???? 2024-03-21 .

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