?????????? ?????

[[File: || ?????????? ?? ????? ]] ?????????? ?? ?????

?????????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? (????? eV ) ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??, ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???, ?? 1 ????? ??? 1 ???????????? ???? (e) ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??, ???? ?? ????? = ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ^[1] ?

?? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??:

1 eV = 1.602 176 53 ×10 ^?19 ??? ^[2] (?? ???? 0.160 a J)

??? ?? ???? ???? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? ?????????? ?? ??????, ????? ??? ?? ????? ??, ???? ?? ???????? ???-?????-??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??: E = mc ² (1.0000 kg = 89.876 PJ ). ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???, eV/ c ² ?? ????? eV ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???.

????????, ?? ????????? ?? ????? (??????????), ????? ?? ??? 0.511 MeV/c², ?? ???? ?? 1.022 MeV ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??, ?????? (???????) ?? ??? ?? 0.938 GeV/c², ????? GeV/c² ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???

1 eV/c² = 1.783×10 ^?36 kg

1 keV/c² = 1.783×10 ^?33 kg

1 MeV/c² = 1.783×10 ^?30 kg

1 GeV/c² = 1.783×10 ^?27 kg

1 TeV/c² = 1.783×10 ^?24 kg

1 PeV/c² = 1.783×10 ^?21 kg

1 EeV/c² = 1.783×10 ^?18 kg

????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????? ????:

• 3.2×10 ^?11 joule or 200 MeV - total energy released in nuclear fission of one U-235 atom (on average; depends on the precise break up); this is 82 TJ/kg = 20 kt TNT / kg

• 3.5×10 ^?11 joule or 210 MeV - total energy released in fission of one Pu-239 atom (also on average)

• 2.75×10 ^-12 joule or 17.6 MeV - total energy released in fusion of Deuterium and Tritium to form Helium-4 (also on average); this is 0.41 PJ/kg of product produced

• Molecular bond energies are on the order of an electronvolt per molecule.

• The typical atmospheric molecule has a kinetic energy of about 1/40 eV . This corresponds to room temperature .

????? ????:

• 1 eV per amu is 96.5 MJ/kg

?????? ?? ??? [ ??????? ???? ]

?? ????????? ?? ????? E , ??????? f ?? ??????????? λ ?? ????? ??:

${\displaystyle E=hf={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}={\frac {1240~{\rm {nm}}}{\lambda }}{\rm {~eV}}}$

???? h ?? ?????? ???????? ?? c ?? ?????? ?? ??? . ??????????, ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? 400 nm ?? 700 nm ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???:

${\displaystyle E_{min}={\frac {1240~{\rm {nm}}}{700~{\rm {nm}}}}{\rm {~eV=1.77~{\rm {eV}}}}}$

to

${\displaystyle E_{max}={\frac {1240~{\rm {nm}}}{400~{\rm {nm}}}}{\rm {~eV=3.10~{\rm {eV}}}}}$.

?? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??, ????? ??????????? ???? 1240 nm ??? ???? ??, 10eV ????? ?? ????????? ??????????? 124 nm ?? ???? ??.

??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? [ ??????? ???? ]

???? ?????? ???, ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???: ^[3]

• ${\displaystyle \hbar }$ = 6.582 118 89(26) x 10 ^-16 eV s
• ${\displaystyle \hbar c}$ = 197.326 960 2(77) eV nm

?????? [ ??????? ???? ]

${\displaystyle {1{\mbox{ eV}} \over k_{B}}={1.60217653(14)\times 10^{-19}{\mbox{J}} \over 1.3806505(24)\times 10^{-23}{\mbox{J/K}}}=11604.505(20){\mbox{ kelvins}}.}$

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

????? [ ??????? ???? ]

• ?????
• ?????????

????? ??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

• BIPM's definition of the electronvolt
• https://web.archive.org/web/20080602090815/http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/ physical constants reference; CODATA data