???????? ??? ????

??????? ??????
	??????? ???? ?? ?????
???????
	??????? ; ???? ?? ??????? ;
??????????
	????? ??? ?? ???????????? ; ???????????? ; ????????? ;
?? ?????
	??????? ?? ?????? ; ????????? ; ???? ?? ???? ;
?? ?? ?????
	??????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??? ; IUCN ??? ???? ;

?????????? ??????? ?? IUCN ??? ???? ???? IUCN ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ( ???????? : IUCN Red List) ?? ???? ???, ??? 1964 ??? ???? ?????-?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ??? (IUCN) ?????-???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????-?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? IUCN-?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??, ????? ?? ???? ???? ^[1]?? ???? 1969 ?? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?

????????? [ ??????? ???? ]

?????????? (????????) ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??, ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? (?????? ?????????? ??????) ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ^[2] ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???:

??????? ( Extinct ?? EX ) ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??
??-??????? ( Extinct in the Wild ?? EW ) ? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???
???-?????????? ( Critically Endangered ?? CR ) ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????-??????(????????)
?????????? ( Endangered ?? EN ) ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? -- ??? , ???
????????? ( Vulnerable ?? VU ) ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????--??? ??????
????-???? ( Near Threatened ?? NT ) ? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??
??????? - ?????? (( Conservation Dependent ?? CD ) - ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??
????????? ( Least Concern ?? LC ) ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? - ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????
??????? ?? ???? ( Data Deficient ?? DD ) ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????
???????? ( Not Evaluated ?? NE ) ? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??

?????? ?? ????? [ ??????? ???? ]

??????? [ ??????? ???? ]

↑ Accidental Chef: An Insider's View of Professional Cooking , Chef Charles Oppman, pp. 251, AuthorHouse, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4634-1471-9 , ... This led to the creation of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1948. In 1963, the IUCN created its Red List of Threatened Species. The red list is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species ...
↑ [ http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/our_work/the_iucn_red_list Archived 2012-09-03 at the ????? ???? About the IUCN Red List], 2012-09-05, IUCN , Accessed 2012-09-05

[ref13bihay-1] Accidental Chef: An Insider's View of Professional Cooking , Chef Charles Oppman, pp. 251, AuthorHouse, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4634-1471-9 , ... This led to the creation of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1948. In 1963, the IUCN created its Red List of Threatened Species. The red list is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species ...

[ref14joyej-2] [ http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/our_work/the_iucn_red_list Archived 2012-09-03 at the ????? ???? About the IUCN Red List], 2012-09-05, IUCN , Accessed 2012-09-05

[1]

[2]