한국   대만   중국   일본 
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(????? ???? National Geographic )
פירוש נוסף ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????, ???????, ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???????? ??????? ????, ??? ?????? ?'???????? (?????????) .
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National Geographic Society
חזית בניין ההנהלה של האגודה
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(??? ???? ??????? )
????? ??????? 27 ?????? 1888 ? ???? (136 ????)
????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????, ??? ??????
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/

????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? (? ?????? : National Geographic Society , ?? ???? ????? NGS ) ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???? 1888 . [1] [2] [3] [4] ?????? ????? ? ??? ????? , ???????? , ????? ???? , ????? ???? , ? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???. [2] [5] ?????? ?????? ??????????, ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ? ????????? ?? ?? , ???? ????? ?????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ( ??' ) ?????????? ?? ??, ???? ????? ????? ?? 13 ?????? ???? 1888 , ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??27 ??????. [?] [1] [3] [4] ?????? ????? ( Hubbard ) , ??? ????????? ????????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. [4]

???? 1888, ???? ?????? ???? ?????????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???, ?????? ?'???????? ????? ( ??' ) .

???? ?????? ?????? (??????) ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? 1902, ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? 1913. ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????.

???? 1890 ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???; ?????? ????? ? ????? . [6]

???? 1898 ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. [4] [7]

???? 1902 ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? 1913 ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???. [ ???? ???? ] ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????. [ ???? ???? ]

???? 1906 ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?????? . [8] [9]

???? 1963 ????? ???? ???????? , ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????. [10]

???? 1965 ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????: CBS , ABC , PBS , ?? NBC . [11]

???? 1997 ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? . ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ? ?????? , ???? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? . [12]

???? 2001 ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? FOX . [13]

???? 2006 ?????? ???? ? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????. [14]

???? 2015 ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??20 ????? ?? ???? ?????????, ??????, ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???. [15]

???? 2019 ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? . [16] [17]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???. [5]

?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????
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????? ???? ????? 1890 ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. [6]
????? ???? ????? ?????? 1909 ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???40 ???. [18]
????? ????? ????? ?????? 1926?1945 ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ( ??' ) ??????? ???? ????? ??????.
????? ??????? ???'? ???'? 1912, 1915
???'?? ???? ????? ?????? 1928?1930 ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????. [19] [20]
?'?? ????? ????? ??????? 1952 ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? , ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ????? ?????. [21]
?'??? ????? ???????? [22]
???? ???? ???????
?'???' ??? ??????????
????? ????? ????? ? ??????
???? ???? ??????????
?????? ?? ???????
??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? 2013 ??? ????? 34,000 ??? ????? ??? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ??????

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????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ?????, ????, ??????, ?????????????.

??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????
?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????
National Geographic ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? 1888
National Geographic School Bulletin ????? ????? ??1975 ??World. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????. 1919
National Geographic World ????? ???? ??2001 ??Explorer ??Kids. 1975 [10]
National Geographic Traveler ????? ????? ???? 2019 ??????. ????? ??????? ???????? ??????. 1984 [10]
National Geographic Explorer 2001
National Geographic Kids ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????. 2001
National Geographic Little Kids ???? ?????? ?????? 3?6.
National Geographic Adventure ????? ????? ???? 2009. ????? ????? ? ????? ????? . 1991 [23]
National Geographic History 2015

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?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ????????, ????? ????, ?????, ??????? ??????.

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?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ( ??' ) (??? ???? ??????? ) ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???? 1906. 1906 [8]
?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? (????? ???? ?? ??????) ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? 2022, ???? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ?????: ???? 1980 ????? 2010. 1980 [24] [25]
??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ?????? , ????? ??? ? ?????? ??????? . 2020 [26]
??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ( ??' ) (????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????) (???? ???) ?????? ????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. 2020 [27]
??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ( ??' ) (???? ???) ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????, ????? ???? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????, ??????, ?? ???? ?????. 2020 [28]
??? ???????? ?”???????“ [?] ??? (???? ???) ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? 2020 [29]

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National Geographic Museum
משכן המוזיאון משמש גם את מטה האגודה
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??? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ?????, ????? ???? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
????? ????????? ?? ?? , ????? ?????
????? ????? ????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
??????? ?????? ???? ????? , Frank Baker , Charles J. Bell עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
???? ??????
????? ?????? ??1963
????? ????? ???? 1963
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????? ??????? ???????? , ??? ???????? ( ??' )
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/events/visit/
לעריכה בוויקינתונים שמשמש מקור לחלק מהמידע בתבנית

?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? (???????: National Geographic Museum ) ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???. [ ???? ???? ]

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????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??. [ ???? ???? ] ??? ????? ? ???????? ??? ?????????? ( ??' ) , [30] ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????, [?] [31] ?? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ( ??' ) , [30] ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? . [ ???? ???? ]

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??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. [32] ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. [32] ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. [32] ??????? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ??????, ?????, ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????. [32] ?????, ?? ?? ??????, ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. [32]

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National Geographic Partners, LLC
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??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? , ????? ?????
????? ???? ???? ????? (73%)
?????? ??????? ????????? (27%)
??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????
?????? ???? ??20
????? ??????? 2015????? (??9 ????)
????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????
https://nationalgeographicpartners.com/

?????? ?????? ?????????? (???????: National Geographic Partners, LLC , ????? ?????: NGP ) ??? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? , ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????. [5] ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? . ???? ???? 2020 ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? 73%, ??????? ????? ?? 27% ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???. [5]

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??????? ????? ????? ???? 2015 ?? ?????? ???? ??20 , ????? 2019 ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??20 ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??20. [15]

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National Geographic
מהדורת יוני 1985 עם ”הנערה האפגנית“
?????? ???? 1985 ?? ” ????? ??????? “
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?????? ????? 1888????? (??136 ????)
??? ??? ????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? [33]
????? ????????? ?? ?? , ????? ?????
????? ????? ?????
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/
לעריכה בוויקינתונים שמשמש מקור לחלק מהמידע בתבנית

????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? (???????: National Geographic , ???? ????? ???????: National Geographic Magazine ) ??? ????? ? ??? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ( ??' ) . [ ???? ???? ] ???? ???? 2022, ?????? ?????? ??41 ????. [5]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. [4] ????, ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? , ??? ?? ? ??????? ???? . [4] ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???, ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????. [4] [10]

??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 1950 ????? ? ????????? ? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???. ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ????? . [34]

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???? 1985 ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????, ?????? ??? ???? ?????? . ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 2002, ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? . [ ???? ???? ]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 2018 ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? 50 ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? . [35] ?? ????? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????? , ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. [36] ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?? ??? ????????, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ???, ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ? ????? ????? ; ????, ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. [36] ?????? ??????, ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ???????, ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????. [36]

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?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? . ???? 1998 ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. [37] ????? 2010 ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. [38]

?????? ?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 2008 ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. [39] [40] ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ? ?? ??????? ???? . [39] ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???, ???? ?? , ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?”????????“ ??????? ?? ?????? ?????. [40] ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ? ???????? , ? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????????? . [40]

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???? ?????? ?????????? (???????: National Geographic, ?? ???? ?????: National Geographic Channel ) ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? . ???? ???? 2022, ???? ????????? ????? ??172 ??????. [5]

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?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ( ??' ) ? ????????? ?? ?? , ???? ????? ????? ?? 13 ?????? ???? 1888 , ? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 27 ?????? ????? ???. [?] [1] [3] [4] ??? ???, ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? , ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? (???????: Founders Day ), ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. [4]

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??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??13 ?????? 1888 ??? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????, ?'?? ??????, ???? ?????, ???? ???, ?????? ???????. [41] [42] ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? (???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?'?? ?????, [41] ???'?? ?????, [43] ????? ????, [41] ???? ?????, [44] ???? ??????, [44] ??????? ?????, [44] ?'???? ??????, [45] ??'???' ???? [46] ). ???? 1937 , ????? 49 ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???'?? ?????, ??????? ?????, ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??27 ?????? ???? 1888. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????. [43]

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??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? , [?] ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ( ??' ) ??????????? , ?????????? [47] [48]
????? ??????? ????? ( ??' ) (????? ???? ??????? ???? 17) ???? ??????? ( ??' ) ??? ?????? [?] ????????? , ????????? , ????? ?????? , ????? ????? [49]
???? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? , ???? ??????? ( ??' ) [?] ????? , ???????????? , ?????????? [50]
?????? ????? ( ??' ) ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? , ??? ????? [43]
????? ????? ( ??' ) ?????????? ?????? , ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? , [?] [51] ???? ??????? ( ??' ) ????? ???? , ???????? , ????????? , ????? , ????? ???????? , ?????? [52]
???? ????? ( ??' ) ?????????? ?????? ????????? , ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? , ?????????? ?????????? , ?? ????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ???? ??????????? ??????? [53]
????? ?????? ?? ( ??' ) ????? ???? ( ????? ) ( ??' ) ???? ?????? ?? ( ??' ) ???? ????? , ?????? , ?????? , ????? [54]
?????? ????? ??? ( ??' ) ?????????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? , ?????? ???? ( ??' ) ?????? , [?] ??????????? , ???????? , ????? ???? [55] [56]
?????? ?????? ??? ( ??' ) ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????, ???? ???????? [?] ??????? , ????? ???????? , ??????? , ?????????? [57]
?????? ????? ??????? ( ??' ) (???? ???) ???? ???????? , ????? ?????? ?????????? ( ??' ) , ????????? , ????????? , ?????????? , ???????? , ????????? [58]
???? ??? ?????? ( ??' ) ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ( ??' ) , ???? ???????? ???????? , ????????????? , ????? [59] [60]
???? ??? ( ??' ) ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? , ????????? , ??? ????? , ?????????? [?"?] [61] [62] [63]
????? ??? ( ??' ) ????? ??????? ( ??' ) , (???? ???) [?"?] ???? ???????? ????????? , ????????? [64] [65]
??????? ????? ( ??' ) (????? ???? ???? 17) ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? , ?????? ????? ( ??' ) [66]
????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? , ???? ???????? ????? , ???? , ???????? , ??????????? , ??????????? , ????????? , ?????????? [67]
??????? ???? ??? ( ??' ) ?????????? ??????? [?"?] ????? ?????? , ???? ??????????? , ???? ??????? ( ??' ) , ???? ???????? ????? ???? , ?????? , ???????????? , ???????????? , ????????? [68]
????? ????? ??????? ( ??' ) ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? , ???? ???????? ?????????? , ????????? , ????? ?????? [69]
?????? ???? ????? ( ??' ) ????? ???????? , ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ( ??' ) ????? ??? , ?????? [4] [7]
?????? ????? ????? ( ??' ) ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? , ???? ??????????? , ???? ???????? ????? , ??????????? ???? [70]
???? ????? ( ??' ) ????? ?????????? ( ??' ) ???? ???????? ???????????? , ????????? [44]
?????? ????? ?????? ( ??' ) ?????????? ???????? [?"?] ?????????? ???????? , ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? , ????? ??? ??? , ???????? , ????? , ????? ?????? , ????? , ?????? [45]
???? ??????? ????? ( ??' ) (????? ???? ??????? ???? 17) ???? ??????? ( ??' ) ??????? , ?????????? [71]
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???? ????? ( ??' ) (????? ???? ??????? ???? 19) ???? ??????? ( ??' ) ???????????? , ?????????? [42]
?????? ?????? ?????? ( ??' ) ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? , ??? ????? , ????? [73]
??????? ???? ????? ( ??' ) ?????????? ??? , ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? , ???? ???????? ????????? , ??????? , ???????????? , ??????????? , ???????? , ????????? , ???????????? , ??????? , ????? , ????? ???? [74]
???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? , ???? ???????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? , ????????????? , ???????????? ??????? [75]
??????? ?????? ????? ( ??' ) ????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ????? ( ??' ) ???? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ????? , ????? ??? ??? ???????? [76]
?????? ???? ( ??' ) (???? ???) ????? ?????? , ?????? ??????? AP ???????? , ???????????? ??????? [46]
????? ???? ( ??' ) ?????????? ???? ??? ???? , ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? , ?????????? ?????? , ???? ???????? , ???? ??????? ( ??' ) ???????? , ?????????? , ??? ????? [6]
???????? ???? ??? ( ??' ) ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? [77]
????? ????? ??????? ( ??' ) ????? ?????? ( ??' ) ??? ????? ????? , ???? ?????? ? ??????? , ???? ???????? ????????? , ????????? , ???????? , ??? ????? , ????? ??? ??? ???????? [41]
?????? ??????? ( ??' ) (???? ???) ??? ????? ????? , ???? ???????? ????????? , ????????? , ????? ???? [78]

??????? ??????? ???? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????, ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????. [4] ?? ???, ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???, ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ( ??' ) , [79] ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???. [4] [7] [80] ????? ?? ( ??' ) , ???? ?????????, ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????. [54] ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? 1898?1903. [4] [7] [10] ?????, ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ??????? . [53]

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????? 13 ????????? ????? ? ??? ????? ????? ?? ? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ????????? . ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? .

??? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ????? . ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? , ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? . ??? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????. [81] [75] ????? ?????? ?????????? , ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????. [75] ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. [53] ???? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ? ??????? . ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????. [67] ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????, ???? ?? ? ???? ????? . ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? , ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? (????-????) ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????? . [82] [43] ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? , ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ( ???? ) ???? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ( ??' ) ? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ( ??' ) . [66] [83] ?????? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. [46] ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? . [41] ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ????????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????????. [78]

?? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ????? ????????? "???" ( ??' ) ????? ??? ????? 1918?1945 ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???. [77]

????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ????? . ???? ?????? - ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ( ??' ) ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?'???? ???? ????? ( ??' ) , ????? ??????????? , ?? ???? ?? ???????? . [50] ?????, ? ????? ????? ?????????? , ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?? ????. [50] ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???. [70] ????? ??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?????????? . ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ???? (???? ???? ? ??"? ) ????? ?? ?????? ?? 120 ?????? ?? ??? ????????. [73] ???? ????? ???????, ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????, ?? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????????. [77] ???? 1884, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. [77] ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ????????? ??? ( ??' ) ????? ??? ????? 1918?1945. [77]

???? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? . ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ?? ? ???? ??? , ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????. [49]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? 27 ???? 33 ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????. ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? , [?"?] ????? ????? , ????? ??????? , ??????? ??????? , ??????? , ???? ?? ????? ?????? ( ??' ) , ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ( ??' ) . ????? 14 ????????? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ???????? , 7 ? ??? ??????? , ??2 ? ??? ???????? (??? ????? ???? ” ?????? “); ?????? 4 ??????? ? ???? ??????????? . ??? ?????? ????????: ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. [47] ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????. [53] ??? ???? ?????, ???? ????????, ???? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? . [69] ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? AP ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? . [46]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????, ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ???? 1869

??? ????? 1871?1879 ???????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????, ???? ?????, ????? ????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ( ??' ) ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? . [43] [59] [44] [6] [78] ???? 1874 ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ( ??' ) ? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? , ????? 1875 ????? ????? ???? ? ??? ????? . [43] ???? 1871 ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ( ??' ) ????? ?????? ??????? . [74] [61] [63] ??? ????? 1867?1879 ???? ????? ????? ?? ? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? , [?"?] ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? 1879. [75] [81] [84] [59] ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????: ???? ??????, ????? ????, ????? ???????, ?????? ???????. [59] [69] [41] ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? (1879), ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? 1894. [44] ???? 1884 ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????. [68]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 1865, ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ? ????? ( ??' ) ???? ????? ?????? . [68] ???? 1871, ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. [68] ???? 1872, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. [52] ???? 1890, ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????. [6] ???? 1893, ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? . [49] ???? 1899, ???? ??????, ???? ???, ??????? ???, ???????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ( ??' ) ??????. [59] [63] [74] ? ???? ??90 ?? ???? ??19 , ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ? ??? ??????? ( ??' ) ???????. [72]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ( ??' ) ? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ( ??' ) , ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. [?"?] [66] [83] ???? 1879, ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ????? , ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ????? ????, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. [73]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????, ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? . [46] ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 1870, ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? . [46] ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? AP , ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????; ?????? ???, ???? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ???? 1903. [46] ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????????? . [46]

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 1865 ????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ???????? , ????? 1870 ? ???? . [85] ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? , ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ( ??' ) ? ??? ??????????? ( ??' ) ? ?????? , ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ( ??' ) ? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ? ??????? . [50] ???? 1872 ?????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ???? ( ??' ) ??? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? [?"?] ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????. [55] ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ????? ?????? ????? ????? 1869?1870. [59] ???? 1909 ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? . [69] ?????, ????? ???, ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? , ????? 1914 ???? ?? ????????? ? ??? . [69] ??? ????? 1894?1904 ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ????? . [44] ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????, ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? 1874 ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? , ??? ??, ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. [71] ???? 1901 ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? , ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. [76]

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????, ??????: ????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ? ????? ???? 1872. [52] ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????? . [53] ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????????? . [57] ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????, ????????, ??????, ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????? , ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ?????? ??????. [45] ?????, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? , ???? ?????? ??????. [45] ??? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????. [6] ???? 1892 ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????. [6]

?????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

ויקישיתוף ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?'???????? ? ??????????


??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??13 ?????? ???? 1888, ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??27 ??????.
  2. ^ ?????? ????? ????? ????
  3. ^ ??? ????? 1955?1975.
  4. ^ ???? ?????? ?????? ??13 ?????? ???? 1888. ???? ???, ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??27 ??????.
  5. ^ ??????? ??? ??"?????? ???????," ??? ???? ??"????? ????' ?? ????????," ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????? (CUNY), ?????? ??????????? ???????? (NYU).
  6. ^ ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????, ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???.
  7. ^ ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? "????????."
  8. ^ ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????.
  9. ^ ???? ????? ??????, ?????, ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ???????, ???????, ?????????.
  10. ^ ??? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????????.
  11. ^ ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???????.
  12. ^ ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? MIT , ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? 2012 ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????.
  13. ^ ?? ???? ?? ???????.
  14. ^ ?????? ?? ?'??? ????
  15. ^ New York Collegiate School ( ??' )
  16. ^ ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ????????? ?? ?? , ? ???? ????? , ?? ?????? (????? ??????? ). [76] ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? [?"?] ????? 1848?1850 ??? ??? ????????. [45] ???????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????. [41]
  17. ^ ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ????, ???? ???????.
  18. ^ ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????. ??????? ??? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????.
  19. ^ ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? , ????????? ???? , ??????? , ? ?????? .

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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  5. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 National Geographic Partners, About , nationalgeographicpartners.com (???????)
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  13. ^ "TV Series On Science Is Planned" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). 2000-11-29. ISSN   0362-4331 . ???? ?- 2022-04-10 .
  14. ^ 2006 Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities: National Geographic Society , The Princess of Asturias Foundation, ‏2006 (???????)
  15. ^ 1 2 Steel, Emily (2015-09-09). "National Geographic and Fox Form a Commercial Media Company" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). ISSN   0362-4331 . ???? ?- 2022-04-09 .
  16. ^ Ritzel, Rebecca J. (2021-12-28). "A Million-Pound Artwork, Once Threatened, Finds a New Home" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). ISSN   0362-4331 . ???? ?- 2022-04-09 .
  17. ^ Ritzel, Rebecca J. (2021-03-09). "In New Plan, National Geographic Will Move an Acclaimed Sculpture" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). ISSN   0362-4331 . ???? ?- 2022-04-09 .
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  24. ^ "Couple Win First Bell Medal" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). 1980-11-09. ISSN   0362-4331 . ???? ?- 2022-04-09 .
  25. ^ National Geographic to Award Alexander Graham Bell Medals to Two GIS Pioneers , www.esri.com ( ?????? )
  26. ^ National Geographic Society, National Geographic Society/Buffett Awards-- National Geographic , www.nationalgeographic.org (???????) ( ?????? )
  27. ^ National Geographic Society, Eliza Scidmore Award , www.nationalgeographic.org (???????) ( ?????? )
  28. ^ National Geographic Society, Gilbert M. Grosvenor Educator of the Year , www.nationalgeographic.org (???????)
  29. ^ National Geographic Society, Planetary Leadership Award , www.nationalgeographic.org (???????) ( ?????? )
  30. ^ 1 2 Michelle Goldchain, National Geographic headquarters nominated to become a historic landmark , Curbed DC, ‏2017-04-11 (???????)
  31. ^ New Formalism , Washington State Department of Archaeology & Historic Preservation (DAHP), ‏2011-05-27 (???????)
  32. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 Visit Our Museum , National Geographic Society (??????? ????????)
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  35. ^ National Geographic Partners, The Race Issue , National Geographic, ‏????? 2018 (???????)
  36. ^ 1 2 3 Victor, Daniel (2018-03-13). "National Geographic Acknowledges Its Racist Past Coverage (Published 2018)" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). ISSN   0362-4331 . ???? ?- 2020-12-13 .
  37. ^ ???? ????, ? ?????: ?????? ????? ?? ?"?????? ?'????????" , ???? ????? , 29 ???? 1998
  38. ^ "???????: ?????? ?'???????? ???? ???? ??????" . ???? . ???? ?- 2022-04-08 .
  39. ^ 1 2 ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?'???????? ???? '?? ??????? ????' , ???? ????? ?????, ‏2008-06-16 ( ?????? )
  40. ^ 1 2 3 ?????? ?'???????? ?????? ?????: ????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? , ???? ?????, ‏2006-08-22
  41. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Alyson Foster, Mark Collins Jenkins, Almon Thompson: The Self-Taught Cartographer Who Helped Found National Geographic , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏October 11, 2012 (???????)
  42. ^ 1 2 Cathy Hunter, Mark Collins Jenkins, How America’s Leading Hydrographer Helped Found The National Geographic Society , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏June 27, 2012 (???????)
  43. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cathy Hunter, Mark Collins Jenkins, A Historic Journey Into Death Valley , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏July 20, 2012 (???????)
  44. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Alyson Foster, Mark Collins Jenkins, Henry Henshaw: The National Geographic Founder Who Helped Save America’s Birds , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏October 25, 2012 (???????)
  45. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 Cathy Hunter, James Clarke Welling: A Champion of Education in the Nation’s Capital , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏July 26, 2012 (???????)
  46. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cathy Hunter, George Kennan: An Investigative Reporter Who Helped Found the National Geographic Society , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏September 21, 2012 (???????)
  47. ^ 1 2 Cathy Hunter, Cleveland "Old Probabilities" Abbe: Forecaster and National Geographic Founder , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏May 31, 2012 (???????)
  48. ^ Cleveland Abbe | American meteorologist , Encyclopedia Britannica (???????)
  49. ^ 1 2 3 Cathy Hunter, Lighting the Way , National Geographic Society, ‏November 21, 2012 (???????)
  50. ^ 1 2 3 4 Cathy Hunter, Mark Collins Jenkins, John Russell Bartlett: An Admiral Turned Oceanographer , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏August 23, 2012 (???????)
  51. ^ University of Michigan, Isaac Newton Demmou, General catalogue of officers and students, 1837-1901 , Ann Arbor, The University, 1902, ??' 23
  52. ^ 1 2 3 Cathy Hunter, Mark Collins Jenkins, Marcus Baker: National Geographic Founder and Editor , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏June 21, 2012 (???????)
  53. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 Cathy Hunter, Mark Collins Jenkins, Dr. Frank Baker: If Only He Had Been Allowed To Treat President Garfield , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏July 12, 2012 (???????)
  54. ^ 1 2 Cathy Hunter, Mark Collins Jenkins, Charles J. Bell: Family Banker and National Geographic Founder , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏June 8, 2012 (???????)
  55. ^ 1 2 Cathy Hunter, Mark Collins Jenkins, A Smithsonian Who Helped Found the National Geographic Society , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏August 30, 2012 (???????)
  56. ^ G. Brown Goode | American zoologist , Encyclopedia Britannica (???????)
  57. ^ 1 2 Cathy Hunter, James Howard Gore: Master of the Mathematics of Earth , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏November 8, 2012 (???????)
  58. ^ Cathy Hunter, In the Field with Plane Table and Horse… , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏November 2, 2012 (???????)
  59. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cathy Hunter, Mark Collins Jenkins, Grove Karl Gilbert, “A Captain Bold” , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏September 14, 2012 (???????)
  60. ^ Grove Karl Gilbert | American geologist , Encyclopedia Britannica (???????)
  61. ^ 1 2 N. H. Darton, Memoir of Henry Gannett , Annals of the Association of American Geographers 7, 1917, ??' 68?70
  62. ^ Census History Staff of the US Census Bureau, Henry Gannett - History - US Census Bureau , www.census.gov (???????)
  63. ^ 1 2 3 Cathy Hunter, Mark Collins Jenkins, Henry Gannett: National Geographic Founder and "The Man Whose Brain Conceived It" , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏May 22, 2012 (???????)
  64. ^ Doug Cook, National Geographic Co-founder Gannett Helped Settle State Boundary Disputes , Bowdoin News Archive (???????)
  65. ^ Cathy Hunter, National Geographic Founder Helped Settle Disputes Over States’ Boundaries , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏July 5, 2012
  66. ^ 1 2 3 Cathy Hunter, The Perils of Early Arctic Exploration , National Geographic Society, ‏December 14, 2012 (???????)
  67. ^ 1 2 Cathy Hunter, Mark Collins Jenkins, Clarence Dutton: Poet of the Grand Canyon , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏September 6, 2012 (???????)
  68. ^ 1 2 3 4 Cathy Hunter, William Dall: National Geographic Founder and Pioneer of Alaskan Exploration , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏June 15, 2012 (???????)
  69. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 Cathy Hunter, Mark Collins Jenkins, Traveling the World to Study Its Waters , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏August 17, 2012 (???????)
  70. ^ 1 2 Cathy Hunter, Setting a Precedent for the Story of the Perfect Storm , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏November 16, 2012 (???????)
  71. ^ 1 2 Cathy Hunter, A Gallant Gentleman, an Ideal Friend , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏November 30, 2012 (???????)
  72. ^ 1 2 Cathy Hunter, Mark Collins Jenkins, The Story of National Geographic Society's Youngest Founder , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏August 3, 2012 (???????)
  73. ^ 1 2 3 Cathy Hunter, George Melville: A Survivor, A Rescuer, A National Geographic Founder , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏December 28, 2012 (???????)
  74. ^ 1 2 3 Cathy Hunter, Clinton Hart Merriam: From Teenage Taxidermist to National Geographic Founder , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏September 27, 2012 (???????)
  75. ^ 1 2 3 4 Cathy Hunter, Mark Collins Jenkins, John Wesley Powell: Soldier, Explorer, Scientist and National Geographic Founder , National Geographic Society, ‏May 17, 2012 (???????)
  76. ^ 1 2 3 Alyson Foster, Mark Collins Jenkins, The Other Powell: An Advocate for Geography Education , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏October 19, 2012 (???????)
  77. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 Cathy Hunter, Winfield Scott Schley: A Hero, But Not Without Controversy , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏December 20, 2012 (???????)
  78. ^ 1 2 3 Cathy Hunter, Mark Collins Jenkins, Gilbert Thompson, Lying Bob, and the Ballad of Croppy the Mule , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏August 9, 2012 (???????)
  79. ^ Alyson Foster, Laura Wallach, A National Geographic Love Story , National Geographic Newswatch, ‏February 14, 2012 (???????)
  80. ^ Alexander Graham Bell | Biography, Education, Telephone, Inventions, & Facts , Encyclopedia Britannica (???????)
  81. ^ 1 2 John Wesley Powell: Soldier, Explorer, Scientist , U.S. Geological Survey Information, ‏1976 (???????)
  82. ^ U.S. Army Ordnance Corps, Colonel Rogers Birnie, Ordnance Corps Hall of Fame , U.S. Army, ‏1994
  83. ^ 1 2 Rob Rapley, Bruce Shaw, American Experience: The Greely Expedition , PBS, ‏February 5, 2019 (???????)
  84. ^ Department of Botany, J. W. Powell Survey , Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (???????)
  85. ^ Daniel Ammen, Surveys and Reconnoissances from 1870 to 1875 for a Ship Canal across the American Isthmus , Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York 8, 1876, ??' 198 doi : 10.2307/196381
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