?'????? ????
Thurgood Marshall
 |
| ?'????? ????
|
|
????
|
2 ?????
1908
????????
,
??????
,
????? ?????
 |
|---|
|
?????
|
24 ??????
1993
(???? 84)
??'???
,
??????
,
????? ?????
|
|---|
|
?? ????
|
Thoroughgood Marshall
|
|---|
|
?????
|
????? ?????
 ????? ?????
|
|---|
|
???? ?????
|
??? ?????? ?????? ?????????
,
?????????
,
????'????
,
????? ?????
|
|---|
|
?????
|
- ?????????? ???????
(
1930
)
- ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????
(
???? 1933
)
- ????? ?????? ?????
(
1925
)
|
|---|
|
?????
|
 ?????? ?????????
|
|---|
|
?? ?? ?? ???
|
Vivian Burey Marshall
(
4 ??????? 1929
?
11 ??????? 1955
)
Cecilia Suyat Marshall
(
1955
?
24 ?????? 1993
)
|
|---|
|
|
|
|
|
????? ??????
|
|---|
- ?????? ????????
(
1946
)
- ?????? ??? ????
(
1961
,
????' ???????
)
- ?????? ??? ????
(
1952
,
?????????? ????? ?????
)
- Phoenix Award
(
1991
)
- ????? ???? ???????? - ?????? ??????
(
1991
)
- ?????? ?????? ?????????
(
30 ??????? 1993
)
- ?????? ??? ????
(
1954
,
????' ?????
)
- ?????? ?????? ?? ????????
|
  |
?'????? ????
(?
??????
:
Thurgood Marshall
;
2 ?????
1908
?
24 ??????
1993
) ??? ?
????
?
????-???????
?????? ?
??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
. ???? ??? ????? ?-96 ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????
???????
1967
??? ????????
1991
.
?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?
???? ???
??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????,
??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????
, ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? "
???? ?? ????
" ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????-??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??
????? ?????
. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?
????????
?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?
????? ??????
?????? ?????.
???? ??? ??????? ????? ?
????????
?-
1936
. ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?-
NAACP
(?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????). ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????
?????? ?????
???????? ?????? ???, ????? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????, ????? ?
??? ??? ???? ??? ???????
. ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????, ????-??????? ???? ????' ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??
?????????? ??????
, ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??. ?-
1935
, ???? ??? ??? ????, ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???, ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????, ??????. ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????
???????
?????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? 49 ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????.
???? 32 ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????:
?'?????? ??? ???????
. ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?-NAACP. ??? ?????, ????? ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ??:
???? ??? ??????
?-
1944
;
??? ??? ??????
?-
1948
;
????? ??? ??????
?-
1950
??????. ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???
??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????
?-
1954
?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????
???? ?? ????
??????? ????? ???? ???
???? ??? ???????
???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???, ???? ??? ?-29 ???? 32 ?????? ??? ????? ????
??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
.
?-1961 ????
?????
????
?? ???? ?
????
??? ????? ?????? ???? ????????
. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? 1965. ?? ???? ???? ?????
?'?????
?
?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
(Solicitor General).
?-
13 ?????
1967
???? ????? ?'????? ?? ???? ?
???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
?????? ?? "?? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????". ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???
????? ?? ????? ?????
???? ?? 69 ?????? ????? 11 ???????, ?-
30 ???????
1967 ???? ????? ?????? ?-
2 ????????
. ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? 24 ????? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??
?????? ????
, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????
?????? ????
, ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?
????
?
?????
????????? ?
???? ?????
.
???? ???? ?
??-????? ??
. ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?
?????? ???????
. ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????, ?
????????
???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ?-
1980
, ??? ???? ??????? ??
?????????? ??????
???
??????
????? ?????? "?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?'????? ????". ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ?
?????? ????
???? ?? ???
???
????????? ????????.
- James Rawn. (2010).
Root and branch : Charles Hamilton Houston, Thurgood Marshall, and the struggle to end segregation
. New York: Bloomsbury Press.
- Mary L. Dudziak (2011).
Exporting American Dreams Thurgood Marshall's African Journey
. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
(
????? ?-USL
)