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Newark Earthworks
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	???? ????? ?? ??? ?????"? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 2023 , ??? ?????????? 1 ?- 3
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???????????	40°02′32″N 82°25′48″W / 40.042167°N 82.430111°W
	(???? ????? ????? ?????) ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???'?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ; ? ; ? ; ? ; ? ; ? ; ? ; ? ; ? ; ? ; ? ; ???? ; ?????? ; ???? ?????? ??? ; ????? ; ??????? ??????

??????? ?????? (? ?????? : Newark Earthworks ) ? ?????? ( ??' ) ?? ???' ( ??' ) ??????? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ( ??' ) ???????: "?????? ????? ?????" (Great Circle Earthworks), "??????? ??????" (Octagon Earthworks) ?"?????? ????" (Wright Earthworks). ???? ??, ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? 100 ????"? ?? 400 ??????, ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ?? ?-12,000 ???? . ???? ?-10 ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????-????????; ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? 830 ????. "?????? ????? ?????" ?"??????? ??????" ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ( ??' ) .

???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? . ^[1] ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ( ??' ) , ????? 2006 ?????? "??????? ??????" ?? ?"??????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????". ^[2]

???? 2008, ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? "??????? ??????" ???? ?"???????? ??????? ?? ???????", ??? ?-14 ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????"? . ^[3] ?????"? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?-19 ??????? 2023, ????? ?? "??????? ??????" ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ^[4]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 100 ????"? ?? 400 ??????, ^[5] ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????, ?????? ???????, ????, ??????? ?????? ?????. ^[1]^[6] ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? "??????? ??????" ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? 18.6 ?????. ^[7]

?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ??? "??????? ??????" ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????. ???? ????? ????, ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? . ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????. ^[7]

????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ????'?????? ????? ???? ????-???? ?? ??? ? ?????????? ????? ?'???' ?????? ( ??' ) ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ( ??' ) , ??? ????? 1837?1847. ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????'?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? "????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????". ^[8] ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? "?????? ????" (Contributions to Knowledge) ?? ???? ?????'?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??.

?????? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

"????? ?????" (Newark Earthworks Great Circle) ????? 370 ????? (?????? ????' ??????) ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????-??? ?????? , ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? 1.5 ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? 2.4 ?????; ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??? ????. ^[6]

?????? ?????? ? ???????????? ?? ??????????????? ( ??' ) ??? ???? ?? ????????, ????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????. ???? ?? ???? ?? ? ??????? ? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????.

??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? (Octagon Earthworks) ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? (Observatory Mound, ????? ???? ?????-????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? [Observatory Circle]), ???? ???? ??????? (80 ????) ??????? ?????? ?????? (200 ????). ?????? ????? ????? ????? 170 ?????, ????? ?? 1.5 ????? ??? 1.8 ?????. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. ^[6]

?-1982 ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ( ??' ) ? ???'???? ( ??' ) ? ???????? , ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???, ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? 18.6 ???? ?? ????? ????. ???? ??????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???????' (????? ????????' ??? ???? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ???????). ^[7]

?-1892 ?? 1908, ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? . ??? ???? ???, ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????, ?? 1918. ???? 1910 ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?"?????? ???? ???? ????????" (Mound Builders Country Club), ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? . ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? (??????? ??? ?????) ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?-1918 ?? 1933. ^[7]

???? 1997 ???? "?????? ????????? ?? ?????" (???? ?-Ohio History Connection) ?? ???? ?????? ?? 2078 ?? ??????? ????. ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????. ^[9] ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ^[10] ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????. ^[7]

?????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? (Wright Earthworks) ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?-286.5 ????? ?-289.5 ?????, ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?-80 ????. ^[6]

??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????-??????? ?? ???? ????-????: ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) , ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?-60 ?????. ^[11]

?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? (Frances Rees Wright), ????? ?? ???? ?-1934 ?????? ????????? ?? ?????. ^[11]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ????.
?????? ??????? ????? ?????
??????? ??????, ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? ????
??????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????
??????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????
??????? ??????
??????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????; ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????
?????? ??????
?????? ??????
??????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????, ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????
??????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ???????

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

Squier, Ephraim G. and Davis, Edwin H., Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley , Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998. (reprint of 1848 book)
Woodward, Susan L. and McDonald, Jerry N., Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley , Blacksburg, VA: McDonald & Woodward Publishing, 1986.
A. Martin Byers and DeeAnne Wymer, eds. Hopewell Settlement Patterns, Subsistence, and Symbolic Landscapes (University Press of Florida, 2010); 400 pages
Christopher Carr and D. Troy Case, eds. Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction (Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology, Springer Verlag, 2005)' 733 pages

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????

??? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????

The Great Circle Earthwork, Newark, Ohio

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ¹ ² "National Register of Historical Places ? Ohio (OH), Licking County" . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. 2008-01-13.
^ State Prehistoric Monument
^ "Secretary Kempthorne Selects New U.S. World Heritage Tentative List" , Dept. of Interior, 25 Jan 2008
^ Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks
^ Bradley Lepper, The Newark Earthworks, A Monumental Engine of World Renewal from The Newark Earthworks, Enduring Monuments, Contested Meanings , edited by Lindsay Jones and Richard D. Shiels, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville & London, 2016, pp.41-61
^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ "History" . Ohio History Connection .
^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ Maag, Christopher (2005-11-28). "Ohio Indian Mounds: Hallowed Ground and a Nice Par 3" . New York Times .
^ "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley" . World Digital Library . 1848.
^ Withrow, Brandon. "The US' 2,000-year-old mystery mounds" . BBC .
^ "Visit" . Ohio History Connection .
^ ¹ ² Wright Earthworks

[nrhp-1] ¹ ² "National Register of Historical Places ? Ohio (OH), Licking County" . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. 2008-01-13.

[2] State Prehistoric Monument

[3] "Secretary Kempthorne Selects New U.S. World Heritage Tentative List" , Dept. of Interior, 25 Jan 2008

[4] Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks

[5] Bradley Lepper, The Newark Earthworks, A Monumental Engine of World Renewal from The Newark Earthworks, Enduring Monuments, Contested Meanings , edited by Lindsay Jones and Richard D. Shiels, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville & London, 2016, pp.41-61

[OhioHistory-6] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ "History" . Ohio History Connection .

[Maag-7] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ Maag, Christopher (2005-11-28). "Ohio Indian Mounds: Hallowed Ground and a Nice Par 3" . New York Times .

[8] "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley" . World Digital Library . 1848.

[9] Withrow, Brandon. "The US' 2,000-year-old mystery mounds" . BBC .

[OhioVisit-10] "Visit" . Ohio History Connection .

[Wright-11] ¹ ² Wright Earthworks

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