???????? ????????????
?
?????
?????? ?????
???
????
???? ?????
(
?????????
) ????
????? ???? ??????
(??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????)
??? ????
??
????? ????????????
?
?????
???? 3
???
?? 300 ????-??? ????
???????? ????????????
.
????? ???
?? ????? ??? ?? 100,000
?"?
?? 1
???????
. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????????????, ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?
?????? ????
, ????? ?
???? ?????????????
???????? ?
???
.
???? ???? ??????, ??? ????, ?
?????? ???????
. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?
????
??? ??? ????, ?
???? ???
?????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??, ??? ???? ?????? ??, ????? ????????? ? ?? ????? ????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? (???? ?????? ??????). ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
????????
. ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????
??????? ????????
. ?? ?????? ???? ??, ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????.
????? ?????? ????? ?
?????? ??????
???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????
????? ?? ????? ??????
, ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? (????
???? ???????
??????), ??? ???? ?????????? (????
ITU
). ?????? ????? ??, ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ?? ????? ?
???? ???????
. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????; ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?-2.4 ????-
???
?????? ??
??"?
????? ?????? ???????
??????'
??????? ????? ??. ???? ????? ????? ???? ?
?????
????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? "??????'", ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??"? ?? ???? ??????.
???? ????? ???? ???????, ??????? ?????? -
???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?
????? ?????
?-
2016
??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????:
- ???? ?????? ??????? - (ELF
(
??'
)
) ???? ????? ?? 3hz-300hz - ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? (?????????) ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????
(
??'
)
??????? ???? ????? ??????.
- ???? ??-?????? - (ULF
(
??'
)
) ???? ????? ?? 300hz-3Khz - ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????.
- ???? ?????? ???? - (VLF
(
??'
)
) ???? ????? ?? 3Khz-30Khz - ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????.
- ???? ?????? (LW) ????? ????? ?-300Khz. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?? ?? ?-
ITU
, ???? ??' 1 (????? ??
??????
,
??????
,
????? ??????
,
????? ?????
,
???? ???????
?????, ?
????????
) ?????? ?????? ?????? 148.5 ?? 283.5KHz ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ???? ?-
AM
???????
?? ????
??????? ?? 9KHz.
- ???? ???????? (
MW
) ????? 500-1600
KHz
, ???? ??????? AM
- ???? ?????
(SW) (?? "??? ????" ?????? ?????: ?"?) ????? 1.7-30
MHz
, ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? (?????? ????) ???????? ???
????? ????
- ??"? (??? ???? ????, VHF) ????? 30-88MHz, ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???"? ??????? ???? ?????.
- ????????
??????? - ???????:
- VHF: 70-88MHz, 108-200MHz
- UHF: 200-700MHz
- ???? ?????? ????? ?????
FM
????? 88-108MHz
- ???? ???????
- ????? (174-218MHz (Band III ?-VHF ??? ????? 1.454-1.492GHz ?- L-Band
- ????? ??????
?????? ???????? - ??????? 800-900MHz ??? ??????? 1800-1900MHz, 2100MHz
- ??????'
,
Wi-Fi
?????? 802.11b, 802.11g ?-802.11n, ??????? ???????? ??????
???????
????? 2.4GHz
- Wi-Fi ???? 802.11n, 802.11a ?-802.11ac ????? 5GHz
- ??????
?
??"?
- ?????? 10GHz ?????
??? ????? ??? 1GHz ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??
???? ???
, ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????.
| ??-???? ??????
|
??-???? ???????
|
?????
|
????
|
???? ??
|
| ??? ?????? ????
|
Extremely low frequency
|
ELF
|
3 - 30
Hz
|
10,000 - 100,000 ?"?
|
| ??? ???? ????
|
Super low frequency
|
SLF
|
30 - 300 Hz
|
1,000 - 10,000 ?"?
|
| ??? ?????? ????
|
Ultra low frequency
|
ULF
|
300 Hz - 3
kHz
|
100 - 1000 ?"?
|
| ??? ???? ????
|
Very low frequency
|
VLF
|
3 - 30 kHz
|
10 - 100 ?"?
|
| ??? ????
|
Low frequency
|
LF
|
30 - 300 kHz
|
1 - 10 ?"?
|
| ??? ??????
|
Medium frequency
|
MF
|
300 - 3000 kHz
|
100 - 1000 ???
|
| ??? ????
|
High frequency
|
HF - ?"?
|
3 - 30
MHz
|
10 - 100 ??? (
???? ?????
)
|
| ??? ???? ????
|
Very high frequency
|
VHF - ??"?
|
30 - 300 MHz
|
1 - 10 ???
|
| ??? ?????? ????
|
Ultra high frequency
|
UHF - ??"?
|
300 - 3000 MHz
|
10 - 100 ?"?
|
| ??? ???? ????
|
Super high frequency
|
SHF
|
3 - 30
GHz
|
1 - 10 ?"?
|
| ??? ?????? ????
|
Extremely high frequency
|
EHF
|
30 - 300 GHz
|
1 - 10 ?"?
|
| ?????
|
???? ???
|
???? ???
|
| L
|
1 - 2 GHz
|
L
ong wave
|
| S
|
2 - 4 GHz
|
S
hort wave
|
| C
|
4 - 8 GHz
|
C
ompromise between S and X
|
| X
|
8 - 12 GHz
|
??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??.
|
| K
u
|
12 - 18 GHz
|
K
urz-
u
nder
|
| K
|
18 - 27 GHz
|
K
urz (???????: ???)
|
| K
a
|
27 - 40 GHz
|
K
urz-
a
bove
|
| V
|
40 - 75 GHz
|
|
| W
|
75 - 110 GHz
|
|
| mm
|
110 - 300 GHz
|
|
?? ??? "????" ??? ?
???????
?
?????
?????? ??????
(Edouard Branly). ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? "radioconductor", ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? - "to radiate".
??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? "??? ?
???
". ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ?
??? ???
.
??????
?? ?????? ?????
????? ????????-?????
.
?????
?????
??? ????? ?
?????
???? ????? ??? ???? ???????
??? ???????
????? ?
?????
. ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???
?????
, ?????
????? ????????
?????????
???? ????? ?
????? ????????????
?????? ??? ??????? ?
???
????. ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?
?????
??
??????
???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????.