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Fuel cell
) ???
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, ??? ????
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. ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???, ???? ??????????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ???, ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???.
??? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????
????
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?????
??? ??? ??? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ?????
?????????
????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????
?????? ??????
????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????.
???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??
??? ?????
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????
(???? ??? ?? ??????) ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????
??????
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????
?????? ?????. ??????? ????? ??????
????
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??-?????? ?????
.
????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???: ?
?????
, ?
?????????
??
?????
.
??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ????????
???
??
???? ??-?????
????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ??? ???? ????.
??? ??????,
???
????? ?? ????, ???? ??? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ???????
???? ?????
, ??????? ???,
H2O
, ?? ???? ??-?????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????.
???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??:
- ?????? ??????????. ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????.
- ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????.
- ??? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????
??????
???? ?????.
- ??? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??-?????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????.
?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? 0.6 ?-0.7 ???? ????? ???. ???? ???? ???? ???? ????, ???? ?????.
- ????? ?????.
- ?????? ?????? (?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???).
- ????? ????? ???? (???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????).
????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ??? ????
????? ??? ???
. ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? (?????, ????????? ??????) ?????? ????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????.
??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???
???????? ??????
(Christian Friedrich Schonbein) ????
1838
, ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??. ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? (Sir William Robert Grove) ????-??? The Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science ??????? ?? ?????? 1839. ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????
????? ??????
?? ????.
?????? ??? ???? ?? ????
1955
, ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? (W. Thomas Grubb), ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?'??? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????, ?? ??????? ????? ???
?'??? ???????
, ??????? ???????? ?????? ????"? (
NASA
) ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????
?'????
.
???? 1959 ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? (????? ?? 5 KW) ??? ?????? ????? (????? ?? 15 KW), ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????.
????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????'? ????????? (United Technologies Corporation's UTC) ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? (?? 200 KW),??????
??-??????
?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ????????????, ?????? ?????? ??????.
???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? 400 KW.
??? ??? ??????? (Alkaline fuel cells ?? AFC), ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????. ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????
?????
. ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???, ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????, ????
?????? ???? ???"?
(NASA), ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????
?????? ?????
.
??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? 70%.
?? ???, ???? ??? ??????: ??????? - ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ??? ??????? ??? ??????. ?????? ?????? - ?????????? ??????
??????
, ???? ???? ???.
?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? (PAFC), ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?-20 ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????.
?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????
????????
. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?
?????
.
?? ??? ??
??????
???? (MCFCs) ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????-???? ??????? ????? ???????
????
.
?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? (SOFC), ????? ?????????? ???? ????. ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?
??????
????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????.
?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????
??????
, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??
???????
.
?? ?????? ????? (CO) ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???, ?????, ????,
??? ??????
, ???, ??? ????.
?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????
[1]
(PEM)
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? (PEM), ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???. PEM ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????.
??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????
??????
?? ??????.
?????? ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ?? ??? PEM ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???. ?? ??? ???? Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell (URFC). ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????.
?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ????, ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????, ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????????.
?????? ??????? ?? URFC ??? ???? 1995 ???-??? ??? ??????? ????.
?? ??? ??
?????
???? (DMFC) ???? ????? ?????? ?- PEM ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ?- DMFC ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??
?????
??????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????. ??? DMFC ?????? ??? ???, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ??????? ???????.
?? ??? ??
???
???? (DCFC) ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??-????? (CO2) ?????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????, ???? ??? ???, ???-??, ?? ????, ??? ??????.
??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????, ???? ??????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ??, ???? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????, ???? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? 99.9999%. ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????.
?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???. ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????.
?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??.
???? ???? ????-????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????, ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????.
??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????
GM
??? ????? ???? 1966 ?? ?-
??????-????
, ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ??????? 113 ??"? ???? 30 ?????.
????
2001
????? "?'??? ??????" ??????? ?????? ???? ???????
????
?? ??? ?-
GM HydroGen3
????? ??????? ?? 160
??"?
. ????
2008
????? ?? ??? ?-
GM HydroGen4
.
???? 2001,
???????
???? ??
??????? ??????
, ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????-??? ?
?????????
. ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? 483 ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????.
???? 2005 ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ENV (????? ?? Emission Neutral Vehicle) ??? ??? ?? 161 ??????? ???? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????, ??????? ????? ?? 80 ??"?.
???? 2008 ?????? ????
?????
???? ?????? ?????? ??? FCX Clarity. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????.
???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????. ??????? ?????? ??? ????
??????
, ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ????
2009
?????
?????-???
????? ??
?????? ???????
:
?????-??? F-Cell ??????
.
?????? ????
?????? ?????
????? ????
2014
??
?????? ???????
??????
SUV
:
?????? ????????
. ????
2018
?????? ????? ?? ???
?????? ????
.
????
??????
???? ????? ?-2015 ?? ??? ?"?????" ("????" ??????), ?????? ?? ??? ?"
?????
" ????? ??? ??? ????? . ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? 57,500 ???? ???? ????? ????????. ??"? ????? ? 22,000 ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ???????, ??????, ?????, ????? ?????????.
????
2013
??? ?
????? ?????
?-4,000
?????? ?? ???
.
????? ????? ?? ????
??????
, ???? ?? ?????? ?????????, ????
???? ?????
??????? 2008 ?????? (???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? 2003), ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????. "???? ????? ???? ???" ??? ???? ???? (Fuel Cell Demonstrator Airoplane), ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? (PEM) ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????.
??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???
HYDRA
?????? ?????? AFC ????? ?? 6.5 KW.
??????? ????? ??????? ?????? 212 ?- 214, ??????? ?????? ??? ??????,
??? ???????
???? ???? ????, ??????? ?
?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????
, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? (???? ????, ??????? ?? ????).
???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? 2005 ?
??????????
,
??????
. ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????-??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ??????????. ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? (??? ?? ???? ??? ?????), ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????.
?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???-??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??
???? ?????????
. ???? 2007 ??? 179 ???? ???-??? ????? ?????? ?-25 ????? ?????.
?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????.
?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??: ???, ????, ?????? ?????????.
- ^
?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????????