?? ???

???? ????????, ???????????? ???????

?? ??? (? ?????? : Fuel cell ) ??? ?? ?????????? , ??? ???? ?????? ????? ? ??? ????? . ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? , ??????? ????????? . ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???, ???? ??????????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ???, ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???.

??? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????.

???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? (???? ??? ?? ??????) ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ??-?????? ????? .

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???: ? ????? , ? ????????? ?? ????? . ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??-????? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ??? ???? ????.

??? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ????, ???? ??? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? , ??????? ???, H2O , ?? ???? ??-?????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????.

???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??:

  • ?????? ??????????. ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????.
  • ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????.
  • ??? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????.
  • ??? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??-?????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????.

?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? 0.6 ?-0.7 ???? ????? ???. ???? ???? ???? ???? ????, ???? ?????.

  • ????? ?????.
  • ?????? ?????? (?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???).
  • ????? ????? ???? (???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????).

????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? . ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? (?????, ????????? ??????) ?????? ????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? 1839

??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? (Christian Friedrich Schonbein) ???? 1838 , ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??. ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? (Sir William Robert Grove) ????-??? The Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science ??????? ?? ?????? 1839. ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????.

?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? 1955 , ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? (W. Thomas Grubb), ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?'??? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????, ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?'??? ??????? , ??????? ???????? ?????? ????"? ( NASA ) ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?'???? .

???? 1959 ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? (????? ?? 5 KW) ??? ?????? ????? (????? ?? 15 KW), ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????.

????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????'? ????????? (United Technologies Corporation's UTC) ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? (?? 200 KW),?????? ??-?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ????????????, ?????? ?????? ??????.

???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? 400 KW.

?????? ??? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ??? ????? (AFC) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??? ??????? (Alkaline fuel cells ?? AFC), ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????. ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? . ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???, ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ???"? (NASA), ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? .

??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? 70%.

?? ???, ???? ??? ??????: ??????? - ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ??? ??????? ??? ??????. ?????? ?????? - ?????????? ?????? ?????? , ???? ???? ???.

?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? (PAFC) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? (PAFC), ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?-20 ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????.

?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? . ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ? ????? .

?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? (MCFC) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? (MCFCs) ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????-???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? .

?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? (SOFC) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? (SOFC), ????? ?????????? ???? ????. ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????.

?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? , ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? .

?? ?????? ????? (CO) ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???, ?????, ????, ??? ?????? , ???, ??? ????.

?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? [1] (PEM) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?? ?? ??? PEM

?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? (PEM), ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???. PEM ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????.

??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.

?? ??? PEM ???????? (URFC) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ?? ??? PEM ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???. ?? ??? ???? Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell (URFC). ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????.

?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ????, ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????, ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????????.

?????? ??????? ?? URFC ??? ???? 1995 ???-??? ??? ??????? ????.

?? ??? ?? ????? ???? (DMFC) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ??? ?? ????? ???? (DMFC) ???? ????? ?????? ?- PEM ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ?- DMFC ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????. ??? DMFC ?????? ??? ???, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ??????? ???????.

?? ??? ?? ??? ???? (DCFC) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ??? ?? ??? ???? (DCFC) ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??-????? (CO2) ?????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????, ???? ??? ???, ???-??, ?? ????, ??? ??????.

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? ???????
?????? ????? ???? ???
????? HYDRA
????? ?????? ???? 212
???? ????? ????

???? ???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????, ???? ??????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ??, ???? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????, ???? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? 99.9999%. ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????.

?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???. ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??.

??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ????-????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????, ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? GM ??? ????? ???? 1966 ?? ?- ??????-???? , ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ??????? 113 ??"? ???? 30 ?????.

???? 2001 ????? "?'??? ??????" ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?- GM HydroGen3 ????? ??????? ?? 160 ??"? . ???? 2008 ????? ?? ??? ?- GM HydroGen4 .

???? 2001, ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? , ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????-??? ? ????????? . ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? 483 ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????.

???? 2005 ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ENV (????? ?? Emission Neutral Vehicle) ??? ??? ?? 161 ??????? ???? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????, ??????? ????? ?? 80 ??"?.

???? 2008 ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? FCX Clarity. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????.

???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????. ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? , ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ???? 2009 ????? ?????-??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????  : ?????-??? F-Cell ?????? .

?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 2014 ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? SUV  : ?????? ???????? . ???? 2018 ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? .

???? ?????? ???? ????? ?-2015 ?? ??? ?"?????" ("????" ??????), ?????? ?? ??? ?" ????? " ????? ??? ??? ????? . ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? 57,500 ???? ???? ????? ????????. ??"? ????? ? 22,000 ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ???????, ??????, ?????, ????? ?????????.

???? 2013 ??? ? ????? ????? ?-4,000 ?????? ?? ??? .

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? , ???? ?? ?????? ?????????, ???? ???? ????? ??????? 2008 ?????? (???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? 2003), ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????. "???? ????? ???? ???" ??? ???? ???? (Fuel Cell Demonstrator Airoplane), ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? (PEM) ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????.

??? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? HYDRA ?????? ?????? AFC ????? ?? 6.5 KW.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ????? ??????? ?????? 212 ?- 214, ??????? ?????? ??? ??????, ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????, ??????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? , ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? (???? ????, ??????? ?? ????).

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? 2005 ? ?????????? , ?????? . ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????-??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ??????????. ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? (??? ?? ???? ??? ?????), ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????.

?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???-??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? . ???? 2007 ??? 179 ???? ???-??? ????? ?????? ?-25 ????? ?????.

?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????.

?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??: ???, ????, ?????? ?????????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????????