??-??

????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????; ????????? ?????? ???? ????????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? (?? ???? ?? 16-21 ?"? ?????? ??????), ??? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? (mammatus clouds), ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? (???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???, ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????; ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???, ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ???, ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????.

??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????

??-?? (? ?????? : Supercell ) ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????: ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. ^[1] ????? ??, ??? ?? ?????? ?????? "????? ????????" ^[2]. ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????: ?? ??, squall line (??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????), ?? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? ??, ????? ????, ?????? ????, ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ???, ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 32 ?"?.

?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? , ??? ?????? ????? ????? , ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? . ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????, ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ?" ???? ??????? ", ??????? ???????? , ????????? ????? ????? .

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???-?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ????, ??-?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????-???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????, ???-?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????-???? (quasi-steady-state). ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? (????? ?????? ???? ??????), ?? ?????? "?? ????" (right mover) ?? "?? ?????" (left mover), ??????. ???-?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??: ???? ?? ????, ????? ?? ?????. ??-?? ???? ????? ??? ???? - ???? ?? ???, ???? ?? ?? ????. ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? , ??? , ????? ?????, ????? ??? ??????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????, ?? ?? ??? 30% ????-??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ^[3]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? , ?????? ?? ??? ????' ???????? ????? ????? ?- 1962 ^[4]. ???????? ??? ?? ?????, ????????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??'???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???-?? ^[5]. ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???-??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????-???? ????? ????? ????? ??????; ????-???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????; ?????? ??????? ????? ???????; ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ^[6]. ???-?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? - ????? ??? ??? ??????. ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????, ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???????, ????? , ???? ???-???? ??????? ???? ???.

??????? ?????? ??????? ???-?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? (updraft/downdraft). ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ?????? (?????-?????) ?? ???? ??????? ????-??? ???-??????? ??? ???-??? ????????, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? (?????-?????) ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????.

????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???, ?? ?? ???????? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? 148 ??"?. ^[7]^[8] ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???. ^[9]

?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????-??, ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ??-?? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Glickman, Todd S. (2000). Glossary of Meteorology (2nd ed.). American Meteorological Society. ISBN 978-1-878220-34-9 .
^ ON THE MESOCYCLONE "DRY INTRUSION" AND TORNADOGENESIS . Leslie R. Lemon.
^ NWS Louisville: Supercell Structure and Dynamics
^ Browning, K.A. ; F.H. Ludlum ( ???' 1962 ). "Airflow in Convective Storms" (PDF) . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society . 88 (376): 117?35. doi : 10.1002/qj.49708837602 . ????? ?- ????? (PDF) ?-2012-03-07 . ???? ?- 2014-11-11 . {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )
^ Lemon, Leslie R. ; C.A. Doswell ( ???' 1979 ). "Severe Thunderstorm Evolution and Mesocyclone Structure as Related to Tornadogenesis" . Mon. Wea. Rev . 107 (9): 1184?97. doi : 10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<1184:STEAMS>2.0.CO;2 . {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )
^ "Thunderstorm in Victoria 06 Mar 2010" . Bom.gov.au. 2010-03-06 . ???? ?- 2012-03-11 .
^ City of Provo, Utah ::
^ ksl.com - Storm Damage Estimated at $13 Million in Provo
^ Tornadoes Nature's Most Violent Storms

[1] Glickman, Todd S. (2000). Glossary of Meteorology (2nd ed.). American Meteorological Society. ISBN 978-1-878220-34-9 .

[2] ON THE MESOCYCLONE "DRY INTRUSION" AND TORNADOGENESIS . Leslie R. Lemon.

[3] NWS Louisville: Supercell Structure and Dynamics

[Browning-4] Browning, K.A. ; F.H. Ludlum ( ???' 1962 ). "Airflow in Convective Storms" (PDF) . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society . 88 (376): 117?35. doi : 10.1002/qj.49708837602 . ????? ?- ????? (PDF) ?-2012-03-07 . ???? ?- 2014-11-11 . {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )

[Lemon/Doswell-5] Lemon, Leslie R. ; C.A. Doswell ( ???' 1979 ). "Severe Thunderstorm Evolution and Mesocyclone Structure as Related to Tornadogenesis" . Mon. Wea. Rev . 107 (9): 1184?97. doi : 10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<1184:STEAMS>2.0.CO;2 . {{ cite journal }}: ( ???? )

[6] "Thunderstorm in Victoria 06 Mar 2010" . Bom.gov.au. 2010-03-06 . ???? ?- 2012-03-11 .

[7] City of Provo, Utah ::

[8] sl.com - Storm Damage Estimated at $13 Million in Provo

[9] Tornadoes Nature's Most Violent Storms

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