????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? , ??????? ? ????? ????? . ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? - ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????, ?"???? ?????", ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? .

?????? ???, ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? (Syntax) ? ??????? (Semantic) ???????? ??? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????.

???? (????? ??????) ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? "hello world" .

??????? ???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????: ?????, ????? ??? ???? ?????? (????, ????), ?"????", ?????? ?????? ??? ????? , ?????? ????? ?????? , ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????, ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ???????. ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????.

?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? . ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ???? ( ?????? , ?????, ????? ??????), ?????????, ?????, ???????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????, ??????, ??????, ??????, ???????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ???.

??? ??? ?????, ????? ? ??? ????? , ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????. ??? ???, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????:

• ?????? ? ???? ?????? , ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????, ???? ??????, ??????, ?????, ????????? ?????????.
• ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? - ????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????????, ?????? ??????.
• ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? (????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ) ????? ????? ?????? (???? ????? ?????????? , ????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ), ????? ???? ????. ???? ???? ?? ??????-????????, ???? ?????? ?- #C .
• ????? ???????? . ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????, ????, ?? ?? ????? (???? ?- Pawn ?- Forth ). ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? - ?????? (???? ????) ?? ????? (???? ?????). ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????: ? ????? ?? ? ???? .

???? ????? ????? ??-??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??-??? ???? ?????????? , ????? ? ?????? ????? , ?? ?????? ???? ?????? (data structures) ???????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???, ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ????.

??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? . ??? ????-??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ????????, ??????.

??? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? (Assembly). ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ?????? ?? ? ???? , ? ?????? ???????? ?? ? ???? ?????? ????/??? ?? ?????, ???????? ???. ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????.

????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? , ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? (?????, ?????) ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????.

???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ? ???? , ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????:

• ????? ? ?????? (Compilers) ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? . ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??: ???? , C ,‏ ++C ??? ???? ??????? ???? Cobol ,?- PL/1 .
• ????? ? ?????? (Interpreters), ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????, ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? (Scripting Programming Language). ?? ??? ?????? . ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??: ?????? ‏, PHP ‏, ?????? ,‏ Perl ,‏ Ruby ‏, VBScript , ‏ C Shell , ‏ JavaScript .
• ????? ????? ??? ?????? , ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? (????? ??? ?????), ????? ???? ????? (?? ?????) ???? ????? ??????? " ????? ????????? ". ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????, ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????. ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????, ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? C++, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?? ??????? ??? Java ??????? ?-bytecode ??????? ?? ??? JVM , ??? ???? ????? NET. (?????? #C ), ???????? ???? ??????? CIL .

?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ??, ???? ???? ????????, ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????.

????? ???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?? ????????, ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? . ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????. ?? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? . ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????. ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????.

??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????, ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ANSI ?? ISO , ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????.

?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????, ?????? ????????, ????? ???????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ( ??? ????? ????? , ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ). ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ??, ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ??- C ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? , ?????? ??? ??? , ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ???? .

?? ???? ???? ??, ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ???-??, ?? ????? ???, ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????. ?????, ??? ??????? ???-??????? ?? ???? ???, ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????. ???, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??? C++ , Java , ?? #C . ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ???? ????, ???? ????, ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????.

??????, ????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ????? ????? - ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? , ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??.

?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? (???? ? ?????? ????? ????? ???). ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? - ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???. ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????.

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? , ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? . ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???. ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???. ?? ??, ??? ???? ??????. ?? ??, ????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ??? ????????.

from
 math
 import
 sqrt
 #???????" ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????"


def
 getHigherDivisor
(
num
):
 # ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????

 for
 d
 in
 range
(
round
(
sqrt
(
num
)),
0
,
-
1
):
 # ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? 1, ????? ?? ?????? ??????

 if
 num
 %
 d
 ==
 0
:
 # ?? ?????? (%) ??? 0, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????

 return
 d
 # ??? "???????" ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????


':??? ??? ???????'

num
 =
 int
(
input
(
"Enter positive integer:"
))
 # ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????

if
 num
 <
 1
:
 # ????? ??????: ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????

 print
(
"The number should be positive"
)


higherDivisor
 =
 getHigherDivisor
(
num
)
 # ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????

if
 higherDivisor
 ==
 1
:
 # ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? 1, ????? ??????

 print
(
num
,
 " is a prime number."
)

else
:
 # ????, ????? ????? ??????

 print
(
num
,
 " is not a prime number."
)

 print
(
num
,
 "="
,
 higherDivisor
,
 "x"
,
 num
/
higherDivisor
)

???????? ?? ???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ? ?????? . ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ??????, ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? (?? ???? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????).

?????? ???? ?-50 ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? , ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????. ???? 1952 ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ????? A. ???? 1953 ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?'?? ????? ????? IBM ???? ?? ??? FORTRAN , ???? ?? ????? ???? 1957. FORTRAN (???? ALGOL ?????? ???????? ???? 1958) ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (??? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? , ? ??????? ??????) ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? 1960 ??? COBOL , ????? ?-FORTRAN ????? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ?????? ?????? COBOL ??? ? ???? ????? ???????? , ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ???, FORTRAN ?-COBOL, ??? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???.

?????? ???? ?-60 ????? ??? LISP , ?? ??? ?'?? ?????? ??????????? MIT . ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? . ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? IBM ?? ??? PL/I , ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? FORTRAN ?-COBOL ?? ???, ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??, ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? PL/I ??? ????? ?????? Multics. ??? PL/I ????? ????????????? ? ????? (??? ??????? ???? IBM ????? ????????) ?? ???? ???? ?-80. PL/I ?? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???'??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????; ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???'??? ???? ?????? ???? ????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? ???? ???' ???????? ?? ??? ?????? APL , ??? ????? IBM. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (???? ??????? ?? ???????, ??????? ??????? ???????) ?? ??? ????????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????.

???? ???? ?-60 ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? (LOGO). ??? ?? ?????? ???? LISP, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? BASIC , ?????? ????? ???? ?-60 ? ????' ?????? , ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ?-70 ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????.

???? 1968 ?????? ????? ?? ?. ??. ???????? ^[1] , ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? goto ???????? ?? ???????. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? , ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????, ???? PL/I, ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???.

????? ?-70 ????? ??? Prolog , ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? , ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????: ????? ????? ???????, ????? ???????, ???? ???? ?????? ??????.

?????? ???? ?-70 ??? ??????? ???? , ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? Pascal , ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????. ???? ?????? ???, Turbo Pascal ?? ???? ?????? , ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????-????? ???? ???? ????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???'? ? ?????? ?? ?? ??? C , ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? UNIX . ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ??? ??? C++ .

???? ? ???????? Simula 67, ??????? ?? ALGOL, ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? , ??????? ??????? ???? Smalltalk , ?????? ????? ??70 ??????? ?????? ???? . ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??90, ????? ???? ?????? C++ (?????? ????? ?-80), ??????? ???? Java.

??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ???? 1993 ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. ????????? ??? "????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????". ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? Visual Basic ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????.

?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? Java , ??? ????? 1991 ?- 1995 . ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????, ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? , ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????.

???? 2000 ????? ???? #C ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ^[2] . ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? .NET ??? ???? ??? ???? 2002 . ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? Java ? ++C, ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????-????? ?????, ??????? ??????.

???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ????, ???? ???? 1993 , ?? ??? ?????? BF , ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? .

??? ? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????:

• ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ????? . ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? JavaScript , ?????? ?? ??? ???? Netscape Communications ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???. ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? . ???? ???? ?? ???? EMCAScript . ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??? VBScript , ???? ??????? ????? ?? Visual Basic.
• ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????, ???? PHP , ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? , ????.

??? ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ??????? ( ??' ) ( Esoteric programming language, ?????? ????? ?-esolang) ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? , ??????? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ???? (?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ), ?? ? ????? . ?????? ????? ?-esolang ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???, ?? ?????, ?????, ??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?/?? ?????. ???? ????????? ??????? ??? INTERCAL ?????? ???? 1972, ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????, ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????????. ????? ???? ????? ???:

• BrainF**k
• WhiteSpace
• chef
• Shakespeare
• Ook
• LOLCODE
• logo

???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????:

• ??????

?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????.

• ??????

?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????.

• ???????

???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? (????? ???? ?????) ??????? ????? ????? ????.

• ??????

??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???, ???? ?? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????. ???? PI ??? ????. ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????.

• ??????

?????? ?? ????, ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????, ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. (?????? ??????? ??????? ??: ???? (??????? ?????), ????? ??? , ??????? (?? ???), ????????? (?? ??, ???? ????????) ??????. ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????, ?????, ???????, ??????) ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.

• ????? ??????

??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????. ?? ???? ? - include ???? C ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? . ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????, ??????? ??? ????? ???.

• ?????????

??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????, ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? (?????????) ?????? ???? ????????. ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????.

• ???? ????

???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????.

• ?????

???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???, ????? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???.

• ????????

??????? ??? ???? ??? ???, ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????. ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???. ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? .

???? ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ??? ????? ??????

????? ? ???? ????? ???? , ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? Windows ??????????, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???'??? ?????? , Asymetrix ToolBook, ????? ????? , ????'?? ???'?? (ObjectVision) ? ???? , ? ?????? ??????? ?????? Oracle JDeveloper ?- ???? . ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? C.

?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? . ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? , ?????? ????, ???? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????. ?? ???? ??VB ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? , ??? ????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? . ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? , ?????? ?????? ??????, ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???. ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???. ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????, ??? ???????? ??? ?????, ??????, ??????, ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????.

???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????, ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???. ??? ??, ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????.

????? ?????? ????????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???, ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????, ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????.

???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????.

?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????????? #C ??Java, ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ????????? ???? ??? QBE - ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? SQL ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ( ERD ) ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ?????? :
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• ??? ????? Low-level
• ??? ????? ?????
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• ????? ?????

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????? ??? ????????
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• Ninety Nine Bottles of Beer , ???? ?????? ??? ??1019 ???? ?????.
• ???? ???, ??? ?? ????? ??? ??-?? ?? ???? ?????? , ???? ???? "?????? ???? ????????? ??????", 8 ??????? 2012
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• codemonkey - ???? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????.
• ??? ????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
• ???? ????? ?????? , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????

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