????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? , ???????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? (???????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ). ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ??????? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? - ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ???, ?????? '???? ?????' ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? (???? ?? ????? ??? ? ????? ??????? ) ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????.

????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? '????? ?????' ?????? ?? picket lines ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????, ???? ?? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????.

?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ???, ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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

????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?-1961 ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ???, ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???"?, ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ???, ????? ????? ????????, ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??.

??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?-1981 ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? , ??? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ??????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????.

?-1909 ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ?-500 ?????? ???? 4 ??? ?????. ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? 12 ?????, ???? ???? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????.

?-1928 ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? .

??????? 2012 ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. 34 ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ???, ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? 1959 ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????, ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ^[1] .

???? 1996, ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? , ???"?-1996, ????? ???? 16 ????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ^[2] .

?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??.

???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? 2005, ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? "?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????". ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? "??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????", ?????? ??????? ????? ????????, "??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????" ^[3] .

??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????' ??? ??-????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? (??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????) ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???"? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?'?? ????' ?-2009 ?? "?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????" ^[4] .

?????? 2018, ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????, ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ^[5] .

?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.

????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? (????? ?????? ???? ???????) ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ^[6] .

????? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? . ???????? 1932 ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? " ?????? " ? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???"? ????? ????? ??????? - ???? ????? ?????. ???????? ???? ???? ???"? ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? , ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ???????????? ????? ????? , "????? ??????" ??????? ??????? ????????, ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???"? ?????. ^[7] ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ????, ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??? . ?????? ??????? ???, ??? ??? ?'???????? ?? ????? ??, ?????! ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????.

?-1951 ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???"?. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ^[8] .

??? ????? ?????? ???? 1969 ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ^[9] .

?-2003 ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? '?????' ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ^[10] .

?-2004 ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?-5 ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???, ???? ?????? , ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? 2005 ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ^[11] . ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???"?. ?- 14 ???? 2005 ????? ??"? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? "??????" ???? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? (?? ????? ???? ???) ^[12] .

????? 2013 ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ^[13] .

????? 2016 ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ^[14] .

????? ????? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????:

???? ?? ???, ????? (=??????) ????? ?? ?? ??? ????, ???? ????? (=???????) ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???"?... ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???. ^[15]

????? ???, ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????:

???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? (=?????? ???????) ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????... ??? ?"? ????? ??????? ?????... ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ?"? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ^[16]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? Scabs ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? (???????, ????? ????? ??? ??????). ????? ???????? ?'? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????, ?? ???: "???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????, ?????? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ??????, ??? ????, ????? ???? ????? ?'?? ????. ???? ??????? ?? ??, ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ?? ???, ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????".

????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ?'? ??? '?'???? ?'??? ???? ?????' ^[17] , ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????, ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? . ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? '????? ?? ???' (which side are you on?) ?-1931, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ^[18] . ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? 'Never Cross a Picket Line' ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ^[19] .

???? ???? ????? , ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? 1984 .

?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? '?????' ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ^[20] . ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?-2012, ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]