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???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????, ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? (Grain), ???? 1 ????? = 0.065 ??? . ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? (coated) ????? ???? ????? . ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???. ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????, ???? ??????, ???, ???? ????.

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??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ^[1] ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? . ^[2] ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? , ?? ??????? ? ????????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??. ???, ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ? ??? ?-6 ????"? . ^[3] ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????, ^[4] ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ? ????? ??????? , ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ^[5]

? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ????? . ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???. ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?-30 ???, ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? 100 ??? ?????. ^[6]

???? 2022 ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????, ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ? ???? . ????? ?? ?-2,200 ???, ????? ?? ?????? - ”?????? ?? ????? ?????????” . ^[7]

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????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? , ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? . ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? . ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?-15 ? ????? ????? ????? ????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? , ?? ? ??? .

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???? ?????? ????????? , ?????? ? ??? ?-19 , ????? ??????? ??? ? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?? .

????, ??????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???????? , ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ? ?????? ??????? ????, ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? (??"?), ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????.

???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????, ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.

?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????.

? ?????? ???? , ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????, ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????, ?? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? '????' ????. ????, ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????.

?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? 330 ??? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ???? 900?1000 ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? (???) ???? 1000?1300 ??? ?????? .

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ William J. Hamblin, Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC, Routledge, 2006, p 426
^ William J. Hamblin, p, 427
^ William J. Hamblin, p, 28
^ William J. Hamblin, p, 426
^ William J. Hamblin, p, 255
^ ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????
^ ynet , ???? ????? ????, ????? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ????? , ???? ynet , 8 ?????? 2022

[1] William J. Hamblin, Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC, Routledge, 2006, p 426

[2] William J. Hamblin, p, 427

[3] William J. Hamblin, p, 28

[4] William J. Hamblin, p, 426

[5] William J. Hamblin, p, 255

[6] ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????

[7] ynet , ???? ????? ????, ????? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ????? , ???? ynet , 8 ?????? 2022

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]