?????????????? (??????) ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???. ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????. ?????? ????? " ????????? " (construct) ??? ????. ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??.

???????? ?? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????. ^[1] ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????????????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ??????.

???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????????????????? ??????:

1. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.
2. ????? ??? ?????? ????????.
3. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????.
4. ????? ??? ?????? ??????.

?????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???? ????? ????? ????????????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?-18 ?????, ???? ???????? ?? ?'??-?'?? ???? ??? ?'?? ????? . ????? ??? ???? ????? "???? ?????", ??????? ?? ????? ?"????? ?????" ? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????.

?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????. ????? ?????????????????, ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????, ?????? ????? ? ?????????? ?? ?????????? . ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ?-60 , ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ???????? ?????? ??????, ? ???-???????? . ???? ???, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ???, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????. ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ????, ??????? ? ??????? , ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????. ????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????.

????? ??????? ??????????, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? (??? ????? "????") ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ???, ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????????????.

??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????:

??????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?'?? ????'? (1972) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ?? ?? ????'? , ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????, ??? ??? '????? ?? ?????', ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???.

????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????, ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???. ^[2] ?????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ????? ????????? ?? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ????.

?"? ?"? ????????, ^[3] ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????????????????? Constructionism ?? ????? ????? ^[4] ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ?? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????.

?? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????: ”????? ???? ????? ????? ????, ???, ?????, ????? ????? ???, ?????? ???? ????, ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????” . ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????. ????, ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????. ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????, ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???, ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??: "?????", "?????", "????? ??????" ?"????? ??????".

??????? ???????-?????????? ?? ?? ??????? (1962) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. ?? ?? ??????? , ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??-??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? (???? ???????, 1998) ????? ??????? ????? ??????? .

????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???, ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? . ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????.
???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ????????????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

?????? ?? ????? ????????????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???, ??????? ???????? ??????? ???. ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????????????????? ??? "????? ?????". ????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? - ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? , ????? ???????? , ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ??????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????, ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????.

??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???. ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??, ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ????????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???. ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??????, ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????.

???? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ????'?, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????????? ?? ?????. ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????, ??????, ??????? ???????.

?'?? ????'? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????. ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????. ????'? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ?? ???? ??? ???, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ?????.

????? ????? ???????, ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ????? "????? ??? ?????" ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????.

??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????'? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????. ???? ?????, ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????. ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ??, ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???????, ??????? ??????. ???? ?? ??, ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ????. ^[5]

?? ???, ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????'? ??????, ???? ?????'? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????, ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????.

?????? ?? ????? ????????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ???????????? , ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? (???? ???? ????? ?????). ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ????? ???????? ????????. ???? ???? ???????????, ???? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??????. ??????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????.

?? ?? ??????? ??????????????, ????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ?? "????" ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????.

?? ?? ??????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ?"??????" ?? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??. ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????.

?????? ??????? ???????? (????????????????) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?-20. ????? ????????????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????. ????, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????. ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???????? - ????? ???? ????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????, ????????? ??????????, ???????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????.

?? ?? ????? ?????????????????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????: ?????????, ???? ????-?????????.

• ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????: ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???: ??????, ?????, ?????????, ??????, ???????, ?????, ??????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? (???? ??) ???? ????????? (???? ???).
• ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????: ????? ??????, ????? ???????? ??????? ????, ????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???.
• ????? ????-????????? ?????? ???? ????: ????? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????????. ????? ???????.

?????? ??????? ????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???, ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ????????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

?????? ????????????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????????????. ?????? ????????????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ????????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????; ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???????????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????????????. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????, ????, ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????.

??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

• ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????.
• ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????.
• ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ????.
• ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????.
• ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???????.
• ?????? ??????? ????? (application oriented).
• ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????.
• ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????.
• ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????.
• ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ????, ??????, ??????? ??????.
• ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????.
• ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???-??????.
• ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????.
• ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????, ????????? ?????? ???.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

• ???? ??????
• ????? ?????

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

• ????? ?????? (???? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ????) - ???? ???? (?????? ???? ????)
• Ackermann, E. (2001). Piaget’s constructivism, Papert’s constructionism: What’s the difference. Future of learning group publication, 5(3), 438.
• ?????, ?' ?. ?????, ? ?'. (1997). ????? ????? ????????????????. ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???? .
• ?????, ?' ?. ?????, ? ?'.(1999). ????? ????? ???????????????. ????? ????.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

• ???? ???? ???? ??????
• ?????? ??????? ????? "?????????????"
• ?? ???? + ????? ??'???: ??? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ???? TED ?? ??????? ??????
• The Growth of Knowledge ? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? CrashCourse (???????)
• ??????????????: ??????? ?????? ???????? - ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? "????? ?????"
• [Condtructicist Approach to Learning An Effective Approach of teaching Learning Jayeeta Bhattacharjee http://www.irjims.com/files/Jayeeta-Bhattacharjee_3g63qwlq.pdf ]
• ?????????????? (?????) , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]