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?????????? (? ?????? : Consortium ) ?? ??????? [1] [2] ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????????????, ????? , ??????? ?? ?????? (?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???) ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????.

?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? "??????", "???????" ?? "????", ?????? ?????? consors ("?????? ?????"), ???? ?-con- ("???") ?-sors ("????").

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???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???????????? ????? , ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????? [3] . ??????, ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????-??????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??: ???? ??????? ?????? - ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????; ????? ????? ????? ????; ???"? ?????? ????? ??????? [4] .

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???? ??? ??????? ?????? ( ??' ) (BTAA) ? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ????? , ?????????? ?????? ??????? ( ??' ) (7Cs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????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? - ?????? ?? ??????? . ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ( ??' ) . ? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ? ????? .

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??????? ?????? ????? ??1970 ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ????. ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? [5] . ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????; ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ???. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????, ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? [6] .

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???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ( ??' ) ?????? ?? ??????: " ?????? ????????? " ???????, " ???????-???????-????? ( ??' ) " (MBB) ??????? ?" ????? ????????????? ( ??' ) " ????????.

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????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????. ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????.

??????, GENIVI Alliance ( ??' ) ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????-????? ???? ( ??' ) (ICE).

????? ????? ??? World Wide Web Consortium , ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? HTML , XML ?? CSS .

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????? ??????? ??????? ????? ( ??' ) (IFSH) ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ( ??' ) (Illinois Tech), ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ( ??' ) (CFSAN) ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? (FDA) ?????? ? ?????? ????? . ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????, "????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????, ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????????????? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????" [7] .

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  1. ^ ??????? ? ????? ?????? (???"?) , ???? ??????? ????? ??????
  2. ^ ??????? ? ??????? ????? ?????????? , ???? ????
  3. ^ ????' ???? ????????? ??????, ???? ?????????? - ????? , ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????, 2005.
  4. ^ ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? , ???? ???? ?????, ??? 2011, ??' 27.
  5. ^ Done, Kevin (2 February 2001). "Survey - Europe Reinvented: Airbus has come of age". Financial Times.
  6. ^ Sparaco, Pierre (19 March 2001). "Climate Conducive For Airbus Consolidation". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  7. ^ "About" . IIT IFSH. Illinois Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2014.