???? ????????, ???????????? ???????
??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????
??????
(?
??????
:
Commander
) ??? ???? ????? ?
?? ??????? ??????
, ?????? ?????
????
?????? ?????
?????? ??????
. ?????? ??????? ???? ??????-?????? ???? ?????? ?????????.
????? "??????" (?????: master and commander ? ?? ?????? ?????) ???? ???? ?-18, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????
??????
?????? ??? ????
???? ????
?? (???? 1770 ????)
?? ??????
(sailing master); ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? (master). ???? ??? ??? ???
?????? ????????
????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? 20 ???? ?? ????? ?
???? ????? ???????
(rating system). ?-1794 ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?-commander, ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? 1838 ?????
?????-???????
(Master Commandant).
???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????-?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ??
??????
,
?????
,
?????
, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???, ?? ???? ????? ???. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????
????'??
,
[1]
?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????
?????? ??????
?
??? ??????
?? ?
???? ???
?
??? ?????? ???????
. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???"? ??? OF-4, ???? ?? ??"? (??? ???) ?????????.
???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????-???, ????? ?????? ????? ?????.
- ^
The Royal Kalendar, and Court and City Register for England, Scotland, Ireland and the Colonies
(London, 1835).
page 148
