??????? (?????? ????? ?????)

??????? (? ?????? : Commonwealth ) ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????. "???????" ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ^[1]. ???? ??????? ? ????'???? , ???'???? , ????????? ? ????? ? ?????? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? , ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? 1776 , ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? (????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ??? ??????'????). ?????, ??? ? ?????? , ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ^[2].

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? "???????" ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ??????, ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? " ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???", ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ? ???? ?? ? ????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? "res publica".

??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ^[3].

???? ???? ??????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? "???????" ???????? ?????:

????? "???????" ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? "?????" ? ???? ?? ?????? ^[4].
?????? ????? ????? "?????" ?????? ???? 1776; ?? ???, ????? "???????" ????? ???? ?????? ^[5].

????? ? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?"??????? ???????": ??? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? . ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? , ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ^[6].

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????'???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? "??????? ????'????" ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? . ????? ??????? ?? ????'???? (?????? ?- 29 ????? 1776 ) ???? ?? "????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????'????, ?????? ??????? ?? ? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????". ????? ?????? ??????'???? ???? "????? ????????" (Secretary of the Commonwealth of Virginia), ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????. ??? ????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? "??? ???? ????? ????????". ?????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????'???? ??? "???? ????????", ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????. ??????'???? ??????? ?????? ????? "?????" ????? ????, ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ????? "????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????'????", "????? ??????" ?"????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????'????". ? ?????????? ? ???'???? , ???? ??????, ????? ??? "?????????? ??????? ????'????". ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????'????, ?????? ??????.

???'???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???'???? ????? ????? ???? "??????? ???'????" ?? ?? ????? ( ??' ) . ??? "????? ???? ???'????" (State of Massachusetts Bay) ???? ?? ?? ? ????? ???????? ?? 1780 ??????? ??????? ?? ? ???? . ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???'????, ?????? ?? ??? ?'?? ???? ?????? ???? 1780 ^[7]. ????'????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? "?????", ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???'????, ??? ????? ???'???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????'????.

????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? "???????", ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? "???????", ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ? ????????? ????. ???? 1776 , ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? 1790 , 1838 , 1874 ?- 1968 . ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? "??? ???? ????????".

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?- 28 ??????? 1786 , ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????'???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? "??????? ?????". ?- 1 ????? 1792 , ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ??????'????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? "???? ????????", ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? "???????".

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ????? ????? "Commonwealth" , ???? ????? ???? ????? (???????)
^ William E. Nelson, The Common Law in Colonial America , ??? 8, Oxford University Press, 2008. (???????)
^ ? ????????? , ??????? , ??????? , ?????? ? ??? ???? , ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???. ??? ??????? ??????, ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ?? ???, ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? .
^ ???? ?????? ? ??? 2, ?????? 1,8 ?-71 (???????)
^ S:EN:Constitution of Delaware (1776) , ???? 1776 ?? ??????, ???? ???????? (???????)
^ 7 fam 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions , ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? , 2015 (???????)
^ CIS: State Symbols (???????)

[1] ????? ????? "Commonwealth" , ???? ????? ???? ????? (???????)

[2] William E. Nelson, The Common Law in Colonial America , ??? 8, Oxford University Press, 2008. (???????)

[3] ? ????????? , ??????? , ??????? , ?????? ? ??? ???? , ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???. ??? ??????? ??????, ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ?? ???, ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? .

[4] ???? ?????? ? ??? 2, ?????? 1,8 ?-71 (???????)

[5] S:EN:Constitution of Delaware (1776) , ???? 1776 ?? ??????, ???? ???????? (???????)

[6] 7 fam 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions , ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? , 2015 (???????)

[7] CIS: State Symbols (???????)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]